E hoʻohiolo i kēia paukū i nā ʻāpana maʻamau

1) mea hoʻoheheʻe mua

Hiki i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe nui ke hoʻoheheʻe i ka kiʻi pena ma o ke komo ʻana o ka mole a me ka pehu ʻana, kahi e hiki ai ke luku i ka hoʻopili ʻana o ke kiʻi pena i ka mea substrate a me ka hanana spatial o ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni, no laila hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka benzene, hydrocarbon, ketone a me nā ether ma ke ʻano he mea nui nāwaliwali , a ʻo ka hydrocarbon ka mea ʻoi loa. ʻO nā mea hoʻoheheʻe nui nā benzene, hydrocarbons, ketones a me nā ether, a ʻo nā hydrocarbons ka ʻoi loa. ʻO ka mea pena pena hoʻoheheʻe haʻahaʻa-ʻawahia i loaʻa ʻole ka methylene chloride i loko o ka ketone (pyrrolidone), ester (methyl benzoate) a me ka wai ʻona (ethylene glycol monobutyl ether), a pēlā aku. ʻO Ethylene glycol ether maikaʻi no ka resin polymer. He solubility ikaika ka Ethylene glycol ether i ka resin polymer, permeability maikaʻi, wahi paila kiʻekiʻe, kumukūʻai ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, a he surfactant maikaʻi nō ia, no laila ke hana nei ia i ka noiʻi ʻana o ka hoʻohana ʻana ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoheheʻe nui e hoʻomākaukau i ka pena pena (a i ʻole me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe agena) me nā hopena maikaʻi a me nā hana he nui.

Liʻiliʻi ka mole o ka benzaldehyde, a ikaika kona komo ʻana i loko o ke kaulahao o macromolecules, a ikaika hoʻi kona solubility i nā meaola polar, kahi e hoʻonui ai ka macromolecules i ka nui a hana i ka pilikia. ʻO ka haʻahaʻa a me ka haʻahaʻa volatility pena stripper i hoʻomākaukau ʻia me benzaldehyde i mea hiki ke hoʻohemo pono i ka uhi epoxy pauka ma ka papa o ka mea hao i ka mahana wela o ka lumi, a he kūpono hoʻi ia no ka hemo ʻana o ka pena ʻili mokulele. Hoʻohālikelike ka hana o kēia pena pena pena i nā striper pena kemikala kuʻuna (methylene chloride type and hot alkali type), akā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka corrosive i nā substrates metala.

ʻO Limonene kahi mea maikaʻi no nā kāʻei pena mai kahi nānā hou. ʻO ia kahi mea hoʻoheheʻe hydrocarbon i lawe ʻia mai ka ʻalani alani, ka ʻili tangerine a me ka ʻili citron. He mea hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi loa ia no ka hamo, wax a me ka kēpau. Loaʻa iā ia kahi kiko paila kiʻekiʻe a me kahi kuhi ahi a palekana e hoʻohana. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe Ester i mea waiwai no ka mea pena pena. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā mea hoʻoheheʻe Ester e ka hoʻowahāwahā haʻahaʻa, ʻaʻala ʻaʻala a me ka ʻole i loko o ka wai, a hoʻohana nui ʻia e like me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe no nā mea aila aila. ʻO Methyl benzoate ka mea i koho ʻia i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ester, a nui ka poʻe ʻepekema e lana ka manaʻo e hoʻohana ia mea i ka pena pena.

2) Co-solvent

Hiki i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe ke hoʻonui i ka hoʻopau o ka methyl cellulose, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka viscosity a me ke kūpaʻa o ka huahana, a me ka hana pū ʻana me nā mole solvent nui e komo i loko o ke kiʻi pena, e hoʻēmi i ka hoʻopili ma waena o ka kiʻi pena a me ka substrate, i mea e wikiwiki ai i luna o ka uku holehole pena. Hiki iā ia ke hoʻemi i ke ana o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe nui a hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ke kumukūʻai. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā Alcohols, nā ether a me nā esters ma ke ʻano he co-solvents.

3) Hoʻolaha

ʻO ka mea hoʻolaha kahi helu o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe nukleopila, ʻo ka hapanui o nā waikawa a me nā ʻami, me ka waikawa formic, acid acetic a me phenol. Hana ia e ka luku ʻana i nā kaulahao macromolecular, hoʻonui i ke komo a me ka pehu ʻana o ka uhi. Loaʻa i ka acid acid kahi hui like e like me ka hoʻohui ʻana o ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni - OH, hiki iā ia ke launa pū me ka ʻōnaehana crosslinking o oxygen, nitrogen a me nā ʻoma polar ʻē aʻe, e hāpai ana i ka ʻōnaehana o kahi ʻāpana o nā kihi hoʻohui kino, a pēlā e hoʻonui ai i ka mea pena pena i ka kōmi hoʻohuihui ka uhi ʻana o ka meaola, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pena ʻana o ka pena pena a me ka hikiwili. I ka manawa like, hiki i nā acidic organic ke catalyze i ka hydrolysis o ka hoʻopaʻa ester, ka ether bond o ka polymer a hoʻokau iā ia e uhaʻi i ka pili, a laila lilo ka paʻakikī a me nā substrates palupalu ma hope o ka hemo ʻana o ka pena.

ʻO ka wai Deionized kahi mea hoʻoheheʻe mau dielectric kiʻekiʻe (ε = 80120 ma 20 ℃). I ka wā e hemo ai ka ʻili he polar, e like me polyurethane, he hopena maikaʻi ka hoʻoheheʻe mau dielectric kiʻekiʻe i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka ʻilikai uila, i hiki i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻē aʻe ke komo i loko o nā pores ma waena o ka uhi a me ka substrate.

Hoʻopau ka hydrogen peroxide ma ka hapanui o nā papa hao, e hana ana i ka oxygen, hydrogen a me kahi ʻano ʻtoma o ka oxygen. ʻO ka oxygen e hoʻohuli i ka pale pale palupalu e ʻolokaʻa, e ʻae ai i ka mea pena pena hou e komo i waena o ka mea hao a me ka uhi, no laila e wikiwiki ana i ke kaʻina hana. ʻO nā waikawa kekahi mea nui i nā formulate pena pena, a ʻo kā lākou hana e mālama i ka pH o ka pena pena ma 210-510 i mea e pane ai me nā hui amine manuahi i nā pale e like me polyurethane. Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka waikawa i hoʻohana ʻia i ka waikawa paʻa, waikawa wai, ʻakika a mea ʻakika a ʻole inorganic acid. Ma muli o ka hana ʻana o ka acid inorganic acid i ka popopo o ka mea hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, no laila ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻano maʻamau RCOOH, ke kaumaha o ka mole mole ma mua o ka 1000 a me nā waikawa wailana soluble, e like me formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, hydroxyacetic ʻakika, hydroxybutyric acid, lactic acid, citric acid a me nā hydroxy acid a me kā lākou hui pū ʻana.

4) Nā ʻĀina

Inā hoʻohana ʻia ka pena peʻe no nā ʻāpana kūkulu nui e pono ai e pili pono i ka ʻilikai e hana ai iā lākou, pono e hoʻohui i nā mānoanoa e like me nā polymers hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e ka wai e like me cellulose, polyethylene glycol, a pēlā aku., A i ʻole nā ​​paʻakai inorganic e like me sodium chloride , potassium chloride, sodium sulfate, a me magnesium chloride. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻo nā paʻakai inorganic paʻakai e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka viscosity e hoʻonui ʻia me kā lākou ana, ma waho o kēia pae, hoʻemi ʻia ka viscosity ma kahi, a hiki i kahi koho kūpono ʻole ke hopena i nā mea ʻē aʻe.

ʻO ka waiʻona Polyvinyl kahi polymer hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai, me ka hoʻoluʻu wai maikaʻi, hoʻokumu ʻia i ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni, adhesion a me emulsification, akā he mau mea hoʻohui kūlohelohe wale nō e hiki ke hoʻopau iā ia, nā hui polyol e like me glycerol, ethylene glycol a me ka molethold low polyethylene glycol, amide, triethanolamine ʻO ka paʻakai, dimethyl suloxide, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe olaola i luna, e hoʻonā i kahi liʻiliʻi o ka waiʻona polyvinyl pono e wela. ʻO ka wai wai wai wai wai wai wai wai waiola me ka waiʻona benzyl a me ka hui waikawa formic o ka launa ʻole maikaʻi ʻole, ka maʻalahi maʻalahi ʻana, a ma ka manawa like me ka methyl cellulose, solubility hydroxyethyl cellulose o ka poʻe ʻilihune, akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka solubility o ka carboxy methyl cellulose.

ʻO Polyacrylamide kahi polima hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia a me nā mea e like me nā flocculants, nā mānoanoa, nā mea hoʻonui pepa a me nā retarders, a pēlā aku. ʻOiai ʻo ka polyacrylamide molekiʻi kaula i loko o ka hui amide, ʻike ʻia ia e hydrophilicity kiʻekiʻe, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i loko o ka hapa nui nā hopenaola, e like me methanol, ethanol, acetone, ether, aliphatic hydrocarbons a me nā hydrocarbons ʻaʻala. Methyl cellulose aqueous solution i ka benzyl waiʻona ʻano waikawa ʻoi aku ka paʻa, a me nā ʻano o nā wai i hoʻonā ʻia i ka wai i hiki ke huikau maikaʻi. ʻO ka nui o ka viscosity ma muli o nā koina kūkulu, akā ʻaʻole kūlike ka hopena o ka mānoanoa i ka nui, me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o ka hoʻohui, ʻo ka wai wai wai e hoʻoliʻiliʻi mālie i ka mahana gelation. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ke ʻano Benzaldehyde e ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka methyl cellulose e loaʻa ai ka hopena viscosity koʻikoʻi.

5) Ka mea hoʻowahāwahā

I mea e pale aku ai i ka hahi ʻana o ka substrate (ʻo ia hoʻi ka magnesium a me ke alumini), pono e hoʻohui ʻia i kahi nui o ka mea hoʻowahawaha ʻino. ʻO ka Corrosiveness kahi pilikia e hiki ʻole ke nānā ʻole ʻia i ke kaʻina hana maoli, a holoi ʻia a hoʻomaloʻo ʻia nā mea i mālama ʻia me ka pena pena me ka wai a holoi ʻia paha me ka rosin a me ka ʻaila mā i kahi manawa kūpono e hōʻoia i ka pau ʻole o ka hao a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

6) Nā mea kūpale uila

ʻO ka ʻōlelo maʻamau, maʻalahi nā mea me ka permeability maikaʻi e volatilize, no laila i mea e pale aku ai i ka volatilization o nā mole moleka nui, pono e hoʻohui ʻia kahi nui o ka mea hoʻopili volatilization i ka paukū pena e hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ka volatilization o nā mole moleka i ke kaʻina hana. , ka halihali, mālama a me ka hoʻohana. Ke hoʻopili ʻia ka mea pena pena me ka wax paraffin ma luna o ka pena, e hana ʻia kahi papa lahilahi o ka wax paraffin ma luna, no laila e lawa ka manawa o nā molakeke hoʻoheheʻe nui a komo i loko o ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni e hemo ai, no laila hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hopena holehole pena. ʻO ka wanaʻao paraffin paʻa wale nō ka mea e hoʻonāwaliwali ai ka maikaʻi, a e waiho ʻia kahi ʻāpana o ka wax paraffin ma ka ʻili ma hope o ka hemo ʻana o ka pena, kahi e hoʻopili ai i ka pīpī hou ʻana. Inā pono, e hoʻohui i ka emulsifier e hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ka ʻilikai o ka pae i mea e lūlū maikaʻi ai ka wax paraffin a me ka wax paraffin wai a hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia kāna waihona mālama.

7) Mea heʻe nalu

ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā surfactants, e like me nā surfactants amphoteric (e laʻa me, imidazoline) a i ʻole ethoxynonylphenol, hiki ke kōkua i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka paʻa o ka pena pena pena a hoʻoikaika i ka holoi ʻana i ka pena me ka wai. I ka manawa like, ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā molekika surfactant me nā lipophilic a me nā hydrophilic ʻelua ʻelua ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe o ka surfactant, hiki ke hoʻopili i ka hopena solubilization; ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā hopena colloidal surfactant, no laila ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka solubility o kekahi mau mea i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe. ʻO nā surfactants i hoʻohana mau ʻia propylene glycol, sodium polymethacrylate a i ʻole sodium xylenesulfonate.