Mea Hoʻohemo Pena Mea Hoʻohemo Pena Nui/mea wehe pena

 Mea Hoʻohemo Pena Mea Hoʻohemo Pena Nui/mea wehe pena

Nā Hiʻohiʻona:

Mea wehe pena aloha ʻāina

l ʻAʻole e pala, hoʻohana i ka palekana a hana maʻalahi

ʻAʻole i loko o ka waikawa, benzene a me nā mea ʻino ʻē aʻe

Hiki ke hoʻohana hou ʻia ma ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka ʻili pena a me ka slag pena i loko o ka hopena

Hiki iā ʻoe ke wehe koke i ka phenolic resin, acrylic, epoxy, polyurethane finishing paint a me ka pena mua

 

Kaʻina hana noi:

ʻAno: Wai aniani ʻole a ʻeleʻele māmā

l ʻAno lapaʻau: Ke kuʻi ʻana

Ka manawa lapaʻau: 1-15min

Mahana lapaʻau: 15-35 ℃

l Ma hope o ka mālama ʻana: E holoi i ke koena pena kiʻekiʻe ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wai kaomi kiʻekiʻe

Hoʻolaha:

1. Nā Mālama

(1) Ua pāpā ʻia ke hoʻopā pololei ʻana me ka ʻole o ka pale palekana;

(2) E ʻaʻahu i nā mīkina lima palekana a me nā maka aniani ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana

(3) E mālama mai ka wela, ke ahi a mālama iā ia ma kahi malu a me kahi ea

2. Nā hana kōkua mua

1. E holoi koke me ka wai nui, inā pili i ka ʻili a me ka maka. A laila e noi koke i ke kōkua lapaʻau.

2. E inu koke i ka ~10% sodium carbonate aqueous, inā e ale ʻoe i ka mea hoʻohemo pena. A laila e noi koke i ke kōkua lapaʻau.

 

Noi:

l Ke kila kalapona

l Pepa galvanized

l ʻO ke kola alumini

l Magnesium alloy

l Keleawe, aniani, lāʻau a me ka palakiko a pēlā aku

 

Pūʻolo, mālama a me ka halihali:

Loaʻa i loko o 200 kg/ barela a i ʻole 25 kg/ barela

Ka manawa mālama: ~12 mau mahina i loko o nā pahu pani, kahi malu a maloʻo

Ka wehe ʻana i ka pena a me ka plasticizer

Ka wehe ʻana i ka pena a me ka plasticizer

ʻōlelo mua

I kēia manawa, ua wikiwiki loa ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka mea hoʻohemo pena ma Kina, akā aia nō kekahi mau pilikia, e like me ka ʻawahia nui, ka hopena hoʻohemo pena maikaʻi ʻole a me ka haumia koʻikoʻi. He kakaikahi nā huahana kiʻekiʻe, ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe a me nā waiwai nui i hoʻohui ʻia. I ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka mea hoʻohemo pena, hoʻohui pinepine ʻia ka wax paraffin, ʻoiai hiki ke pale i ka solvent mai ka hoʻoheheʻe wikiwiki ʻana, akā ma hope o ka hoʻohemo ʻana i ka pena, noho pinepine ka wax paraffin ma luna o ka mea e pena ʻia, no laila pono e wehe loa i ka wax paraffin, ma muli o nā kūlana like ʻole o ka ʻili e pena ʻia, e paʻakikī loa ai ka wehe ʻana i ka wax paraffin, kahi e lawe mai ai i ka pilikia nui i ka uhi aʻe. Eia kekahi, me ka holomua o ka ʻenehana a me ka hoʻomohala kaiāulu, ke ʻike nui nei ka poʻe i ka palekana o ke kaiapuni a he kiʻekiʻe aʻe nā koi no nā mea hoʻohemo pena. No nā makahiki he nui, ua hoʻāʻo ka ʻoihana pena e hōʻemi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā solvents. Eia naʻe, he mea nui loa nā solvents i nā mea hoʻohemo pena, a no laila he mea nui loa ke koho ʻana i nā solvents. Ua kaupalena mau ka Paukū 612 o ke Kūlana ʻenehana Kelemania (TRGS) i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea ʻoki pena methylene chloride i mea e hōʻemi ai i nā pōpilikia hana. ʻO ka mea nui ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea ʻoki pena methylene chloride kuʻuna e nā mea hoʻonaninani me ka nānā ʻole i ka palekana o ke kaiapuni hana. ʻO nā ʻōnaehana paʻa kiʻekiʻe a me nā ʻōnaehana wai he mau koho ia e hōʻemi i ka nui o ka solvent a hana i kahi huahana palekana e hoʻohana. No laila, ʻo nā mea ʻoki pena wai e pili ana i ke kaiapuni a me ka pono e lilo i ala e holomua ai no nā mea ʻoki pena. He mea hoʻohiki nui nā mea ʻoki pena ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe me ka nui o ka ʻike.

E hoʻopīpī i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kēia paukū i nā ʻano mea hoʻohemo pena

1) Mea hoʻohemo pena alkaline

ʻO ka mea hoʻohemo pena alkaline ma ke ʻano laulā he mau mea alkaline (sodium hydroxide i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia, soda ash, aniani wai, a pēlā aku), nā surfactants, nā mea pale i ka palaho, a pēlā aku, i hoʻomehana ʻia i ka wā e hoʻohana ʻia ai. Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, hoʻoheheʻe ka alkali i kekahi mau hui i loko o ka pena a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai; ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, hoʻomoʻa ka mahu wela i ka ʻili uhi, e lilo ai ka ikaika a hōʻemi i kona hoʻopili ʻana i ka metala, ʻo ia hoʻi, me ka hopena o ka infiltration surfactant, ke komo ʻana a me ka pilina, i ka hopena e luku ʻia ai ka uhi kahiko. E mae wale.

2) Mea hoʻohemo pena ʻakika.

ʻO ka mea hoʻohemo pena waikawa kahi mea hoʻohemo pena i haku ʻia me nā waikawa ikaika e like me ka waikawa sulfuric i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, ka waikawa hydrochloric, ka waikawa phosphoric a me ka waikawa nitric. No ka mea, e maʻalahi ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka waikawa hydrochloric i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a hana i ka noe waikawa, a he hopena corrosive ma ka substrate metala, a lōʻihi ka manawa e mae ai ka waikawa phosphoric i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka pena a he hopena corrosive ma ka substrate, no laila, ʻaʻole hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā waikawa ʻekolu i luna e mae ai ka pena. ʻO ka waikawa sulfuric i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a me ka alumini, ka hao a me nā metala ʻē aʻe ka hopena passivation, no laila he liʻiliʻi loa ka pala o ka metala, a i ka manawa like he dehydration ikaika, carbonization a me sulfonation o nā mea organik a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai, no laila hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka waikawa sulfuric i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka mea hoʻohemo pena waikawa.

3) Mea hoʻohemo pena hoʻoheheʻe maʻamau

ʻO ka mea hoʻoheheʻe pena hoʻoheheʻe maʻamau i hana ʻia me ka hui ʻana o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe organik maʻamau a me ka paraffin, e like me ka mea hoʻoheheʻe pena T-1, T-2, T-3; ʻO ka mea hoʻoheheʻe pena T-1 i hana ʻia me ka ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol, benzene, paraffin; ʻO T-2 i hana ʻia me ka ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol, benzene a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻē aʻe a me ka paraffin; ʻO T-3 i hana ʻia me ka methylene chloride, plexiglass, plexi-glass a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻē aʻe. Ua hui pū ʻia ka ethanol, ka wax paraffin, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, haʻahaʻa ka ʻawaʻawa, maikaʻi ka hopena hoʻoheheʻe pena. Loaʻa iā lākou ka hopena hoʻoheheʻe pena ma ka pena alkyd, ka pena nitro, ka pena acrylic a me ka pena perchlorethylene. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka mea hoʻoheheʻe organik i loko o kēia ʻano mea hoʻoheheʻe pena he leʻaleʻa, lapalapa a ʻawaʻawa, no laila pono e hoʻopili ʻia ma kahi ea maikaʻi.

4) Mea hoʻoheheʻe pena hydrocarbon chlorinated

Hoʻoponopono ka mea hoʻoheheʻe pena chlorinated hydrocarbon solvent i ka pilikia o ka wehe ʻana i ka pena no nā uhi epoxy a me polyurethane, he maʻalahi ke hoʻohana, kiʻekiʻe ka hana a emi ʻole ka ʻino i nā metala. ʻO ia hoʻi nā mea hoʻoheheʻe (hoʻohana pinepine nā mea hoʻoheheʻe pena kuʻuna i ka methylene chloride ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoheheʻe organik, ʻoiai ʻo nā mea hoʻoheheʻe pena hou e hoʻohana pinepine i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe wela kiʻekiʻe, e like me dimethylaniline, dimethyl sulfoxide, propylene carbonate a me N-methyl pyrrolidone, i hui pū ʻia me nā alcohols a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻala, a i ʻole i hui pū ʻia me nā ʻōnaehana hydrophilic alkaline a i ʻole acidic), nā mea hoʻoheheʻe like (e like me methanol, ethanol a me isopropyl alcohol, etc.) Nā mea hoʻoulu (e like me phenol, formic acid a i ʻole ethanolamine, etc.), nā mea mānoanoa (e like me polyvinyl alcohol, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose a me fumed silica, etc.), nā mea hoʻopaʻa volatile (e like me ka paraffin wax, ping ping, etc.), nā surfactants (e like me OP-10, OP-7 a me sodium alkyl benzene sulfonate, etc.), nā mea hoʻopaʻa corrosion, nā mea komo, nā mea hoʻomaʻū a me nā mea thixotropic.

5) Mea hoʻohemo pena wai

Ma Kina, ua hoʻomohala kūleʻa nā kānaka noiʻi i kahi mea hoʻohemo pena wai e hoʻohana ana i ka benzyl alcohol ma kahi o dichloromethane ma ke ʻano he solvent nui. Ma waho aʻe o ka benzyl alcohol, aia pū kekahi mea hoʻomānoanoa, mea hoʻopale volatile, mea hoʻoulu a me ka surfactant. ʻO kona ʻano kumu (lakio nui): 20%-40% ʻāpana solvent a me 40%-60% ʻāpana wai waikawa me ka surfactant. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka mea hoʻohemo pena dichloromethane kuʻuna, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻawaʻawa a me ka wikiwiki like o ka wehe ʻana i ka pena. Hiki iā ia ke wehe i ka pena epoxy, ka primer melemele zinc epoxy, ʻoi aku hoʻi no ka pena ʻili mokulele he hopena hoʻohemo pena maikaʻi.

E hoʻopili i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kēia paukū i nā ʻāpana maʻamau

1) Mea hoʻoheheʻe mua

Hiki i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe nui ke hoʻoheheʻe i ka ʻili pena ma o ke komo ʻana o ka molekala a me ka pehu ʻana, hiki ke hoʻopau i ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka ʻili pena i ka substrate a me ke ʻano spatial o ka ʻili pena, no laila hoʻohana nui ʻia ka benzene, hydrocarbon, ketone a me ka ether ma ke ʻano he mau mea hoʻoheheʻe nui, a ʻo ka hydrocarbon ka mea maikaʻi loa. ʻO nā mea hoʻoheheʻe nui he benzene, hydrocarbons, ketones a me ethers, a ʻo nā hydrocarbons ka mea maikaʻi loa. ʻO ka mea hoʻoheheʻe pena hoʻoheheʻe haʻahaʻa-ʻawahia ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka methylene chloride i loaʻa nui ka ketone (pyrrolidone), ester (methyl benzoate) a me ka alcohol ether (ethylene glycol monobutyl ether), etc. Maikaʻi ka Ethylene glycol ether no ka resin polymer. Loaʻa i ka Ethylene glycol ether ka solubility ikaika i ka resin polymer, permeability maikaʻi, kiko paila kiʻekiʻe, kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa, a he surfactant maikaʻi hoʻi, no laila hana ikaika ia i ka noiʻi ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana iā ia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoheheʻe nui e hoʻomākaukau i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe pena (a i ʻole ka mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe) me ka hopena maikaʻi a me nā hana he nui.

He liʻiliʻi ka molekole o benzaldehyde, a ikaika kona komo ʻana i loko o ke kaulahao o nā macromolecules, a ikaika loa hoʻi kona solubility i nā mea organik polar, kahi e hoʻonui ai i ka nui o nā macromolecules a hoʻopuka i ke kaumaha. ʻO ka mea hoʻohemo pena haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka volatility haʻahaʻa i hoʻomākaukau ʻia me ka benzaldehyde ma ke ʻano he solvent hiki ke wehe pono i ka uhi pauka epoxy ma luna o ka ʻili o ka substrate metala ma ka mahana o ka lumi, a kūpono hoʻi no ka wehe ʻana i ka pena ʻili mokulele. Ua like ka hana o kēia mea hoʻohemo pena me nā mea hoʻohemo pena kemika kuʻuna (ʻano methylene chloride a me ke ʻano alkali wela), akā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka corrosive i nā substrates metala.

He mea maikaʻi ʻo Limonene no nā mea ʻoki pena mai kahi kuanaʻike hou. He mea hoʻoheheʻe hydrocarbon ia i unuhi ʻia mai ka ʻili ʻalani, ka ʻili tangerine a me ka ʻili citron. He mea hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi loa ia no ka momona, ka wax a me ka resin. Loaʻa iā ia ke kiko paila kiʻekiʻe a me ke kiko hoʻā a palekana ke hoʻohana. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hoʻoheheʻe Ester ma ke ʻano he mea maka no ka mea ʻoki pena. Hōʻike ʻia nā mea hoʻoheheʻe Ester e ka haʻahaʻa o ka ʻawaʻawa, ka ʻala ʻala a me ka hiki ʻole ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai, a hoʻohana nui ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoheheʻe no nā mea ʻaila organik. ʻO Methyl benzoate ka mea e hōʻike ana i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ester, a manaʻolana ka nui o nā loea e hoʻohana iā ia i loko o ka mea ʻoki pena.

2) Mea hoʻoheheʻe like

Hiki i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe like ke hoʻonui i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka methyl cellulose, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka viscosity a me ke kūpaʻa o ka huahana, a hana pū me nā molekala mea hoʻoheheʻe nui e komo i loko o ka ʻili pena, e hōʻemi i ka hoʻopili ʻana ma waena o ka ʻili pena a me ka substrate, i mea e wikiwiki ai ka wikiwiki o ka wehe ʻana i ka pena. Hiki iā ia ke hōʻemi i ka nui o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe nui a hoʻemi i ke kumukūʻai. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā ʻalekohol, nā ethers a me nā esters ma ke ʻano he mau mea hoʻoheheʻe like.

3) Mea Hoʻolaha

ʻO ka mea hoʻolaha he mau mea hoʻoheheʻe nucleophilic, ʻo ia hoʻi nā waikawa organik, nā phenols a me nā amines, me ka waikawa formic, ka waikawa acetic a me ka phenol. Hana ia ma ka luku ʻana i nā kaulahao macromolecular a me ka hoʻolalelale ʻana i ke komo ʻana a me ka pehu ʻana o ka uhi. Loaʻa i ka waikawa organik ka hui hana like me ka haku mele o ka ʻili pena - OH, hiki iā ia ke launa pū me ka ʻōnaehana crosslinking o ka oxygen, nitrogen a me nā ʻātoma polar ʻē aʻe, e hāpai ana i ka ʻōnaehana o kahi hapa o nā kiko crosslinking kino, a laila e hoʻonui ai i ka mea huki pena i ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka uhi organik, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pehu ʻana o ka ʻili pena a me ka hiki ke wrinkling. I ka manawa like, hiki i nā waikawa organik ke hoʻoulu i ka hydrolysis o ka pilina ester, ka pilina ether o ka polymer a hana iā ia e uhaʻi i ka pilina, e hopena ana i ka nalowale o ka paʻakikī a me nā substrates brittle ma hope o ka wehe ʻana i ka pena.

He mea hoʻoheheʻe dielectric constant kiʻekiʻe ka wai deionized (ε=80120 ma 20 ℃). Ke polar ka ʻili e wehe ʻia, e like me ka polyurethane, he hopena maikaʻi ka mea hoʻoheheʻe dielectric constant kiʻekiʻe i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka ʻili electrostatic, i hiki ai i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻē aʻe ke komo i loko o nā pores ma waena o ka uhi a me ka substrate.

Hoʻopau ka hydrogen peroxide ma ka hapa nui o nā ʻili metala, e hana ana i ka oxygen, hydrogen a me kahi ʻano atomika o ka oxygen. Hoʻoulu ka oxygen i ka papa pale palupalu e ʻōwili i luna, e ʻae ana i ka mea huki pena hou e komo ma waena o ka metala a me ka uhi, no laila e wikiwiki ai ke kaʻina hana huki. ʻO nā waikawa kekahi ʻāpana nui i nā ʻano hana huki pena, a ʻo kā lākou hana ka mālama ʻana i ka pH o ka mea huki pena ma 210-510 i mea e hana ai me nā hui amine manuahi i nā uhi e like me ka polyurethane. Hiki i ka waikawa i hoʻohana ʻia ke waikawa paʻa hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, ka waikawa wai, ka waikawa organik a i ʻole ka waikawa inorganic. Ma muli o ka ʻoi aku ka nui o ka waikawa inorganic e hana i ka pala o ka metala, no laila ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻano maʻamau RCOOH, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke kaumaha molekala ma mua o 1,000 mau waikawa organik hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, e like me ka waikawa formic, ka waikawa acetic, ka waikawa propionic, ka waikawa butyric, ka waikawa valeric, ka waikawa hydroxyacetic, ka waikawa hydroxybutyric, ka waikawa lactic, ka waikawa citric a me nā waikawa hydroxy ʻē aʻe a me kā lākou hui ʻana.

4) Nā mea hoʻomānoanoa

Inā hoʻohana ʻia ka mea hoʻoheheʻe pena no nā ʻāpana kūkulu nui e pono ai ke hoʻopili i ka ʻili e hana ai iā lākou, pono e hoʻohui i nā mea mānoanoa e like me nā polymers wai-soluble e like me ka cellulose, polyethylene glycol, a pēlā aku, a i ʻole nā ​​paʻakai inorganic e like me ka sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium sulfate, a me ka magnesium chloride. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia e hoʻonui ʻia ka viscosity e nā mea hoʻomānoanoa paʻakai inorganic me kā lākou dosage, ma waho aʻe o kēia pae, ua hoʻemi ʻia ka viscosity, a hiki i ke koho pono ʻole ke loaʻa ka hopena i nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe.

ʻO ka waiʻona Polyvinyl kahi polymer wai-soluble, me ka solubility maikaʻi i ka wai, ka hana ʻana i ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni, ka hoʻopili ʻana a me ka emulsification, akā he kakaikahi wale nō nā hui organik e hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe. ʻO nā hui polyol e like me ka glycerol, ethylene glycol a me ke kaumaha molekala haʻahaʻa polyethylene glycol, amide, triethanolamine salt, dimethyl sulfoxide, a pēlā aku, pono e hoʻomehana ʻia kahi liʻiliʻi o ka waiʻona polyvinyl i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe organik ma luna. ʻO ka waiʻona Polyvinyl me ka waiʻona benzyl a me ka hui waikawa formic he kūlike ʻole, maʻalahi ka layering, a i ka manawa like me ka methyl cellulose, ʻilihune ka solubility hydroxyethyl cellulose, akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka solubility a me ka carboxy methyl cellulose.

ʻO ka Polyacrylamide kahi polymer wai-soluble linear, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia a me kāna mau derivatives e like me nā flocculants, thickeners, pepa enhancers a me retarders, etc.. ʻOiai he hui amide ka kaulahao molekala polyacrylamide, ua hōʻike ʻia e ka hydrophilicity kiʻekiʻe, akā he mea hiki ʻole ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka hapa nui o nā hopena organik, e like me ka methanol, ethanol, acetone, ether, aliphatic hydrocarbons a me nā hydrocarbons aromatic. ʻOi aku ka paʻa o ka hopena wai Methyl cellulose i loko o ke ʻano waiʻona benzyl o ka waikawa, a he ʻano like ʻole nā ​​​​mea wai-soluble i loaʻa ka mixability maikaʻi. ʻO ka nui o ka viscosity ma muli o nā koi kūkulu, akā ʻaʻole kūlike pololei ka hopena thickening i ka nui, me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka nui i hoʻohui ʻia, e hoʻemi mālie ka hopena wai i ka mahana gelation. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ke ʻano Benzaldehyde ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka methyl cellulose e hoʻokō i ka hopena viscosity koʻikoʻi.

5) Mea pale i ka palaho

I mea e pale aku ai i ka pala o ke substrate (ʻoi aku ka magnesium a me ka alumini), pono e hoʻohui ʻia kahi nui o ka mea pale pala. ʻO ka pala kahi pilikia hiki ʻole ke hoʻowahāwahā ʻia i ke kaʻina hana maoli, a ʻo nā mea i mālama ʻia me ka pena pena e holoi ʻia a hoʻomaloʻo ʻia me ka wai a holoi ʻia paha me ka rosin a me ka gasoline i ka manawa kūpono e hōʻoia i ka ʻole o ka pala ʻana o ka metala a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

6) Nā mea pale i ka lewa

Ma ke ʻano laulā, maʻalahi ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o nā mea me ka permeability maikaʻi, no laila i mea e pale ai i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o nā molekala solvent nui, pono e hoʻohui ʻia kahi nui o ka mea hoʻopaʻa volatilization i ka mea huki pena e hōʻemi i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o nā molekala solvent i ke kaʻina hana, ka lawe ʻana, ka mālama ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana. Ke hoʻopili ʻia ka mea huki pena me ka wax paraffin ma luna o ka ʻili pena, e hana ʻia kahi papa lahilahi o ka wax paraffin ma luna o ka ʻili, i loaʻa i nā molekala solvent nui ka manawa kūpono e noho ai a komo i loko o ka ʻili pena e wehe ʻia, a pēlā e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka hopena huki pena. ʻO ka wax paraffin paʻa wale nō e hoʻoulu pinepine i ka hoʻopuehu maikaʻi ʻole, a e waiho ana kahi liʻiliʻi o ka wax paraffin ma luna o ka ʻili ma hope o ka wehe ʻana o ka pena, kahi e hoʻopilikia ai i ka pīpī hou ʻana. Inā pono, e hoʻohui i ka emulsifier e hōʻemi i ka ʻili o ka ʻili i hiki ke hoʻopuehu maikaʻi ʻia ka wax paraffin a me ka wax paraffin wai a hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia kona kūpaʻa mālama.

7) Mea hoʻoheheʻe wai

ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā surfactants, e like me nā amphoteric surfactants (e laʻa, imidazoline) a i ʻole ethoxynonylphenol, hiki ke kōkua i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke kūpaʻa o ka mea hoʻohemo pena a maʻalahi i ka holoi ʻana i ka pena me ka wai. I ka manawa like, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā molekala surfactant me nā waiwai lipophilic a me hydrophilic ʻelua o ka surfactant, hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ka hopena solubilization; ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hopena hui colloidal surfactant, i hoʻonui nui ʻia ai ka solubility o kekahi mau ʻāpana i loko o ka solvent. ʻO nā surfactants i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia he propylene glycol, sodium polymethacrylate a i ʻole sodium xylenesulfonate.

Hiolo