He polarity ikaika ka hui Cyano a me ka absorption electron, no laila hiki iā ia ke komo hohonu i loko o ka protein i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e hana i nā paʻa hydrogen me nā koena amino acid nui i ka pae hana. I ka manawa like, ʻo ka hui cyano ka bioelectronic isosteric kino o carbonyl, halogen a me nā hui hana ʻē aʻe, hiki ke hoʻonui i ka pilina ma waena o nā molekele lāʻau liʻiliʻi a me nā protein target, no laila ua hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā pesticides [1] . ʻO ka cyano ʻelele i loaʻa nā lāʻau lapaʻau e pili ana i ka saxagliptin (Figure 1), verapamil, febuxostat, etc. ʻO nā lāʻau lapaʻau e pili ana i ka bromofenitrile, fipronil, fipronil a pēlā aku. Eia kekahi, he waiwai hoʻohana koʻikoʻi ko nā cyano i nā ʻano mea ʻala, nā mea hana a pēlā aku. No ka laʻana, ʻo Citronitrile kahi mea ʻala nitrile hou honua, a ʻo 4-bromo-2,6-difluorobenzonitrile kahi mea waiwai nui no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā mea aniani wai. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ua hoʻohana nui ʻia nā pūhui cyano i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole ma muli o ko lākou mau waiwai kūikawā [2].

He polarity ikaika ka hui Cyano a me ka absorption electron, no laila hiki iā ia ke komo hohonu i loko o ka protein i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e hana i nā paʻa hydrogen me nā koena amino acid nui i ka pae hana. I ka manawa like, ʻo ka hui cyano ka bioelectronic isosteric kino o carbonyl, halogen a me nā hui hana ʻē aʻe, hiki ke hoʻonui i ka pilina ma waena o nā molekele lāʻau liʻiliʻi a me nā protein target, no laila ua hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā pesticides [1] . ʻO ka cyano ʻelele i loaʻa nā lāʻau lapaʻau e pili ana i ka saxagliptin (Figure 1), verapamil, febuxostat, etc. ʻO nā lāʻau lapaʻau e pili ana i ka bromofenitrile, fipronil, fipronil a pēlā aku. Eia kekahi, he waiwai hoʻohana koʻikoʻi ko nā cyano i nā ʻano mea ʻala, nā mea hana a pēlā aku. No ka laʻana, ʻo Citronitrile kahi mea ʻala nitrile hou honua, a ʻo 4-bromo-2,6-difluorobenzonitrile kahi mea waiwai nui no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā mea aniani wai. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ua hoʻohana nui ʻia nā pūhui cyano i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole ma muli o ko lākou mau waiwai kūikawā [2].

2.2 electrophilic cyanidation pane o ka enol boride

Ua hoʻohana ka hui o Kensuke Kiyokawa [4] i nā cyanide reagents n-cyano-n-phenyl-p-toluenesulfonamide (NCTS) a me p-toluenesulfonyl cyanide (tscn) no ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka cyanidation electrophilic kiʻekiʻe o nā pūhui enol boron (Figure 3). Ma o kēia hoʻolālā hou, nā ʻano β- Acetonitrile, a loaʻa i kahi ākea o nā substrates.

2.3 ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā ketones

I kēia mau lā, ua hōʻike ka hui papa inoa ʻo Beniamina [5] i loko o ka puke pai Nature i ka ʻokoʻa enantiomeric o 2-butanone (Figure 4a) a me ka hopena cyanide asymmetric o 2-butanone me nā enzymes, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe organik a me nā catalyst metala hoʻololi, e hoʻohana ana i ka HCN a i ʻole tmscn ma ke ʻano he cyanide reagent. (Kiʻi 4b). Me ka tmscn e like me ka cyanide reagent, 2-butanone a me kahi ākea o nā ketones ʻē aʻe i hoʻopili ʻia i nā hopena enantioselective silyl cyanide nui ma lalo o nā kūlana catalytic o idpi (Figure 4C).

Kiʻi 4 A, enantiomeric differentiation o 2-butanone. b. Asymmetric cyanidation o 2-butanone me nā enzymes, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe organik a me nā mea hoʻololi metala.

c. Hoʻopili ʻo Idpi i ka hopena enantioselective silyl cyanide kiʻekiʻe o 2-butanone a me kahi ākea o nā ketones ʻē aʻe.

2.4 ho'ēmi cyanidation o aldehydes

I ka hana ʻana i nā huahana kūlohelohe, hoʻohana ʻia ka tosmic ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma ke ʻano he cyanide reagent e hoʻololi maʻalahi i nā aldehydes i kāohi ʻia i loko o nā nitriles. Hoʻohana hou ʻia kēia ʻano hana e hoʻokomo i kahi ʻātoma kalapona hou i loko o nā aldehydes a me nā ketones. He koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi kēia ʻano i ka Enantiospecific total synthesis o jiadifenolide a he kī nui i ka synthesis o nā huahana kūlohelohe, e like me ka synthesis o nā huahana kūlohelohe e like me clerodane, caribenol A a me caribenol B [6] (Figure 5).

2.5 electrochemical cyanide pane o ka organik amine

Ma ke ʻano he ʻenehana synthesis ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia ka synthesis electrochemical organik i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka synthesis organik. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua nui ka poʻe noiʻi i nānā iā ia. PrashanthW. ʻO ka hui Menezes [7] i hōʻike koke ʻia e hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka amine aromatic a i ʻole aliphatic amine i nā pūhui cyano e pili ana i 1m KOH solution (me ka hoʻohui ʻole ʻana i ka cyanide reagent) me ka hiki mau o 1.49vrhe me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka catalyst Ni2Si cheap, me ka hua kiʻekiʻe (Figure 6) .

03 hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo

ʻO ka cyanidation he mea koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi ka hoʻohuihui organik. E hoʻomaka ana mai ka manaʻo o ke kemika ʻōmaʻomaʻo, hoʻohana ʻia nā cyanide reagents pili i ke kaiapuni e hoʻololi i nā mea ʻona a me nā cyanide reagents ʻino, a ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano hou e like me ka solvent-free, non catalytic a me ka microwave irradiation e hoʻonui i ka laulā a me ka hohonu o ka noiʻi. no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā pono waiwai nui, pilikanaka a me ke kaiapuni i ka hana ʻenehana [8]. Me ka holomua mau o ka noiʻi ʻepekema, e ulu ana ka hopena cyanide i ka hua kiʻekiʻe, ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ka kemika ʻōmaʻomaʻo.