Hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni wai i lawe ʻia mai, ʻōnaehana kiʻi, wai deionized, kōkua wai a me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻohe benzene, toluene, dimethyl organic ionization.

ʻO ka varnish wai ʻelua ʻāpana i loko o ka wai he resin epoxy wai, mea hoʻōla, nā mea hoʻohui a me ka wai deionized. Loaʻa iā ia ka hoʻopili maikaʻi loa i ka primer a me ka topcoat, e like me nā huahana ʻē aʻe, hiki ke hoʻoponopono ʻia kona mānoanoa me ka wai piula wai. He paʻa ka ʻili pena me ke kūpaʻa kūikawā i ka wai a me ka alkali, hiki ke hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka pale ʻana i ka popo, ka pale ʻana i ka palaho a me ka hoʻonaninani i nā ʻoihana halihali a me nā ʻāpana kila i ka metallurgy, ka mana uila, ka meaʻai, ka lole a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe.

Manaʻo ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana no nā pahu mālama, ka halihali kaʻaahi, nā kaʻa hana, nā hale hana mana, nā mea hoʻololi, nā keʻena hoʻolaha, nā mīkini a me nā lako e like me ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe i ka corrosion a me ka uhi hoʻonaninani.