ʻO ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni kūikawā i lawe ʻia mai i ka wai, ka ʻōnaehana kiʻi, ka wai deionized, ka wai kōkua a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻohe benzene, toluene, dimethyl organic ionization.

ʻO ka varnish waterborne ʻelua he wai epoxy resin, curing agent, additives a me ka wai deionized. He hoʻopili maikaʻi loa ia i ka primer a me ka topcoat, e like me nā huahana ʻē aʻe, hiki ke hoʻoponopono ʻia kona viscosity me ka wai pā. He paʻakikī ke kiʻi pena me ke kū'ē kūʻokoʻa i ka wai a me ka alkali, hiki ke hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka pale ʻana i ka rust, anti-corrosion a me ka hoʻonaninani i nā ʻoihana halihali a me nā mea kila i ka metallurgy, ka mana uila, ka meaʻai, ka textile a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe.

Manaʻo ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana no nā pahu mālama, ka halihali kaʻaahi, nā kaʻa hana, nā mea mana, nā mea hoʻololi, nā keʻena hoʻolaha, nā mīkini a me nā mea hana e like me ka anti-corrosion kiʻekiʻe a me ka uhi hoʻonaninani.