Nā Waena: ʻO nā mea waena o ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana (pigment) he lālā koʻikoʻi loa ia o ka ʻoihana kemika maikaʻi. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā mea waena kākoʻo. Ua hoʻomohala nui ʻia ka hana ʻana o Kina i nā mea waena no ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana a me ka pigment mai ka makahiki 1950. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua lilo ka hana ʻana o nā mea waena o ka dye a me ka pigment i mea ikaika loa, a ua loaʻa nā mea hou i ka ʻenehana hana. Ua hana mākou i nā holomua ma kekahi mau wahi, e like me ka noiʻi, nā hoʻohana hou no nā ʻano kahiko a me ka palekana o ke kaiapuni, a ua lawe i kahi kaʻina hana maʻemaʻe no ka hana ʻana i nā mea waena o ka dye a me ka pigment. .

1
Ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea waena

ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea waena he hoʻomohala multifaceted, kahi ʻano o nā mea waena i hoʻohana ʻia i nā dyes i kapa ʻia he dye intermediates, a hoʻohana ʻia i nā pesticides, nā lāʻau lapaʻau, a pēlā aku. Ua kapa ʻia hoʻi he pesticide, nā mea waena lāʻau lapaʻau. Pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia he lālā o ka ʻoihana kemika maikaʻi ma ke ʻano he holoʻokoʻa, ʻaʻole pono e hoʻokaʻawale paʻa ʻia i nā mea waena dye, nā mea waena pesticide ... lāʻau lapaʻau, nā mea waena, nā mea waena lāʻau lapaʻau, ka mea e hōʻemi ai i ka laulā o ka hoʻohana ʻana o kekahi mau mea waena a hoʻopilikia

ʻO ka noiʻi ʻana i nā mea waena kemika maikaʻi e hōʻike ʻia e kahi ʻano like ʻole, koe wale nō kekahi mau ʻano o ka unahi hana he nui loa ia, ʻaʻole nui loa ka hapa nui o nā ʻano o nā tonage, akā ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ke kaʻina hana hoʻomākaukau, e pili ana i nā hopena a me nā hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā ʻāpana he nui, a pono e mālama pono ʻia ka hana ʻana o nā "ʻōpala ʻekolu". No laila, pono mākou e komo i ka noiʻi ʻana i ke kaʻina hana huahana serial, kahi hoʻonohonoho kūpono o nā mea waena e loaʻa ai ka pono hana maikaʻi.

Mai ke kūlana haole, ʻo ka noiʻi a me ka hana ʻana o nā mea waena e hoʻopili pono ʻia e hoʻokō i ka hana serial. he mau ʻano he ʻumi a ʻumi paha o nā mea waena, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻokō ʻana i kēlā noiʻi a me ka hana ʻana ma o ka hoʻomohala holoʻokoʻa a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana hou. E loaʻa iā mākou ka hopena pālua me ka hapalua o ka hoʻoikaika. Hiki iā mākou ke kuhikuhi i ke kūlana ma Iapana, kahi i hoʻohana ʻia ai ka hana ʻana o nā mea waena ma ke ʻano decentralized loa, e hoʻomaka ana mai ka makahiki 1960. Ua hoʻoponopono ʻia a hoʻopili ʻia i ʻehiku manawa.

Ma o ka hoʻololi ʻana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ua hōʻea ka ʻoihana dye a me ka pigment intermediates o Kina i kahi pae kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i ka pae hana, ʻenehana a me nā pae lako, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokō wale i nā pono o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻoihana dye a me ka pigment kūloko, akā hāʻawi pū i nā huahana intermediates maikaʻi no nā ʻāina ʻē.

ʻO nā mea maka e pono ai no ka hana ʻana i nā mea waena e loaʻa nui ʻia mai nā huahana o ka ʻaila a me ka ʻoihana kemika coking, ʻo ka hapa nui o ia mau mea he benzene, naphthalene, naphthalene, a me naphthalene. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua piʻi aʻe nā pigments organik i hoʻomākaukau ʻia mai nā mea waena heterocyclic. Eia kekahi, ʻo phenanthrene, pyridine, oxygen fluorene, quinoline, indole, carbazole, biphenyl series compounds, kēia mau mea maka paʻakikī i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā dyestuff. E lilo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea maka synthetic i mea laha a maʻamau.

2
ʻO nā hopena kemika maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia no nā mea waena

ʻO nā hopena kemika maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā mea maka i nā mea waena no ka ʻoihana hoʻoluʻu (pigment) penei.

(1) Ka hopena sulfonation
(2) Nā hopena nitrification
(3) Nā hopena halogenation
(4) Ka hopena hōʻemi e hoʻomākaukau i ka amino
(5) Nā hopena diazotization (pinepine ʻia me nā hopena coupling)
(6) Ke pani ʻana o nā hui waikawa sulfonic i nā hui hydroxyl e nā hopena alkali-hoʻoheheʻe
(7) Nā hopena acetylation
(8) Nā hopena oxidation
(9) Nā hopena hoʻoheheʻe a me ke kalapona
(10) Nā hopena aromatization (ʻo ka amino nui)
(11) Nā hopena hoʻololi o nā hui hydroxyl a me amino
(12) Hydroxylation o nā hui hydroxyl a i ʻole amino

Wahi a ke ʻano o ke apo ʻala o nā mea waena kemika maikaʻi, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i loko o nā ʻōnaehana aliphatic, benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone, heterocyclic a me dense. ʻŌnaehana apo. Hiki i ko mākou ʻāina ke hana i nā ʻano benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone, heterocyclic a me nā mea waena ʻē aʻe o ka dyeing a me ka pigment ma mua o 400, hiki ke hoʻokō i nā koi o nā pono hoʻomohala ʻoihana Dyeing a me pigment.

3
Nā ʻano nui o ka ʻōnaehana benzene

2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene, o-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrophenol, N,N-dimethylaniline, p-amino Anisole, p-nitroaniline, o-toluidine, 2-bromo-6-chloro-p-nitroaniline, N-ethylaniline, m-hydroxydiethylaniline 2,4-dinitro-6-bromoaniline, o-, p-phenylenediamine, 3,3-dichlorobenzidine, benzidine, anisylamine, p-amine Benzenesulfonic acid, o-anisole, p-aminoanisole, DSD acid, p-aminophenetole, CTL acid, o-cyano-p-nitroaniline, acetoacetylacetamide o-Methoxyaniline, hydroquinone, resorcinol, N-methyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine Toluidine, N,N-diethyl-m-toluidine, N-methyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-toluidine Methyl cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-methylphenyl-m-toluidine, p-, ethoxyaniline, 2 4-dimethylaniline, 4-chloro-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methoxy-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, ... 2,4,5-Trichloroaniline, 4-methoxy-3-amino-N,N-diethylbenzenesulfonamide, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline waena, para ester, etc.

4
Nā ʻano nui o nā waena naphthalene

2-naphthol, H-acid, K-acid, 2,3-acid, 2,6-acid, thujaplic acid, 6-nitro-1,2,4 acid oxygens. J-acid, peri-acid, gamma-acid, G-salt, R-salt, amino K-acid, 2-naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic acid, 1-naphthol -5-sulfonic acid, 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2R-acid a pēlā aku. ʻO nā mea waena Anthraquinone e komo pū ana me: anthraquinone, 1-amino anthraquinone, 1,4-diamino anthraquinone, 1,5-dimethyl-bromophosphate, 1,5-dimethyl-anthraquinone, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2R-acid, a pēlā aku. Anthraquinone, 1,5-diamino anthraquinone, 1-Amino-5-benzoyl anthraquinone, 1,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone, 1,8-hydroxy Anthraquinone, 1,8-dihydroxy-4,5-diamino anthraquinone, a pēlā aku.

5
Nā ʻano heterocyclic nui a me nā ʻano dense-cyclic

ʻO ka chloride cyanuric, ka waikawa barbituric, 2-amino-6-nitrobenzothiazole, 2-amino-5,6-dichlorobenzothiazole, 2-aminobenzothiazole Aminothiazole, dehydrothiobenzidine bisulfonic acid, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone Formylamino-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 4-chloro-1,8-naphthalene anhydride, naphthalene tetracarboxylic anhydride, ! tetracarboxylic anhydride, a pēlā aku.