Nā Intermediates: ʻO ka waihoʻoluʻu (pigment) waena he lālā koʻikoʻi o ka ʻoihana kemika maikaʻi. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā mea waena kākoʻo. Ua hoʻomohala nui ʻia ka hana ʻana o Kina i nā mea waena no ke kala a me ka puaʻa mai ka makahiki 1950. I kēia mau makahiki i hala iho nei, ua ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka hana ʻana o nā intermediates o ka dye a me ka puaʻa, a aia nā mea hou i ka ʻenehana hana. Ua hana mākou i nā holomua ma kekahi mau wahi, e like me ka noiʻi ʻana, nā hoʻohana hou no nā ʻano kahiko a me ka mālama ʻana i ke kaiapuni, a ua lawe i kahi kaʻina hana maʻemaʻe no ka hana ʻana i nā mea pena a me ka puaʻa waena. .

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Hoʻomohala i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea waena

ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā intermediates he hoʻomohala multifaceted, kekahi ʻano o nā intermediates i hoʻohana ʻia i nā kala i kapa ʻia nā intermediates dye, a hoʻohana ʻia i nā pesticides, pharmaceuticals, a pēlā aku. Kapa ʻia hoʻi nā pesticide, nā mea waena lāʻau lapaʻau. Pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia he lālā o ka ʻoihana kemika maikaʻi ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, ʻaʻole pono e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i loko o nā mea pena, nā pesticide intermediates, pesticide intermediates, pesticide intermediates, pesticide intermediates, pesticide intermediates, pesticide intermediates, pesticide intermediates, pesticide intermediates, pesticide intermediates. , nā mea pesticide intermediates, pesticide intermediates, pesticide intermediates, pesticide intermediates, pesticide intermediates, pesticide intermediates, pesticide intermediates, pesticide intermediates, pesticide intermediates, pesticide intermediates, pesticide intermediates, pesticide intermediates, pesticide intermediates, pesticide intermediates, pesticide intermediates, pesticide intermediates. nā mea waena, nā lāʻau pesticide, nā pesticide intermediates, pesticide intermediates, pesticide intermediates Intermediates, pharmaceutical intermediates, e hōʻemi ana i ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana o kekahi mau mea waena a pili i kā lākou ulu ʻana.

ʻO ka noiʻi waena kemika maikaʻi e ʻike ʻia e nā ʻano like ʻole, koe wale nō ka nui o nā ʻano o ka unahi hana, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā tonnage ʻAʻole nui loa, akā ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana, e pili ana i nā ʻāpana he nui a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, a me ka hana ʻana o ka nui o ka Pono e mālama pono ʻia nā "ʻōpala ʻekolu". No laila, pono mākou e komo i ka noiʻi kaʻina hana huahana serial, kahi hui kūpono o nā mea waena e loaʻa ai ka maikaʻi o ka hana ʻana.

Mai ke kūlana ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka noiʻi a me ka hana ʻana o nā intermediates e noʻonoʻo pono e hoʻokō i ka hana serial. kakaikahi a hiki i ke kakini mau ʻano waena, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ia noiʻi a me ka hana ʻana ma o ka hoʻomohala holoʻokoʻa a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana hou. E loaʻa iā mākou ʻelua ka hopena me ka hapalua o ka hoʻoikaika. Hiki iā mākou ke kuhikuhi i ke kūlana ma Iapana, kahi i hoʻohana nui ʻia ai ka hana ʻana o nā intermediates, e hoʻomaka ana mai ka 1960s. Ua hoʻoponopono ʻia a hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻehiku mau manawa.

Ma o ka hoʻololi ʻana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ua piʻi ka kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻoihana dye a me ka puaʻa o Kina i ka pae kiʻekiʻe ma ke ʻano o ka pae hana, ʻenehana a me nā pae lako, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokō wale i nā pono o ka hoʻomohala home a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻoihana puaʻa, akā hāʻawi pū kekahi i nā huahana intermediates maikaʻi aʻe. ʻāina ʻē.

Loaʻa nā mea maka i koi ʻia no ka synthesizing intermediates mai nā huahana o ka ʻaila a me ka ʻoihana kemika coking, ʻo ka hapa nui he benzene, naphthalene, naphthalene, a me naphthalene. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua piʻi aʻe nā puaʻa kūlohelohe i hoʻomākaukau ʻia mai nā intermediates heterocyclic. Eia kekahi, phenanthrene, pyridine, oxygen fluorene, quinoline, indole, carbazole, biphenyl series compounds, kēia mau mea paʻakikī i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana i ka dyestuff. E laha a maʻamau ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea maka synthetic.

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ʻO nā hopena kemika maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia no nā mea waena

ʻO nā hopena kemika maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā mea maka i loko o nā mea waena no ka ʻoihana hoʻoluu (pigment) penei.

(1) Ka hopena sulfonation
(2) Nā hopena o ka nitrification
(3) Nā hopena halogenation
(4) Hoʻemi i ka hopena e hoʻomākaukau ai i ka amino
(5) Nā hopena diazotization (pili pinepine ʻia me nā hopena hoʻohui)
(6) Hoʻololi i nā pūʻulu ʻakika sulfonic i loko o nā pūʻulu hydroxyl e nā hopena hoʻoheheʻe alkali
(7) Nā hopena acetylation
(8) Nā hoʻoheheʻe oxidation
(9) Condensation and carbonation reactions
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(11) Hiki ke hoʻololi i nā hui hydroxyl a me nā amino
(12) Hydroxylation o ka hydroxyl a i ʻole nā ​​hui amino

E like me ke ʻano o ke apo ʻala o nā intermediates kemika maikaʻi, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou i aliphatic, benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone, heterocyclic a me ka dense. Pūnaehana apo. Hiki i ko mākou ʻāina ke hana ma mua o 400 mau ʻano benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone, heterocyclic a me nā mea ʻē aʻe o ka waihoʻoluʻu a me ka puaʻa, hiki ke hoʻokō pono i nā koi o ka pono o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻoihana ʻenehana.

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ʻO nā ʻano nui o ka ʻōnaehana benzene

2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene, o-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrophenol, N,N-dimethylaniline, p-amino Anisole, p-nitroaniline, o-toluidine, 2-bromo-6-chloro-p-nitroaniline, N -ethylaniline, m-hydroxydiethylaniline 2,4-dinitro-6-bromoaniline, o-, p-phenylenediamine, 3,3-dichlorobenzidine, benzidine, anisylamine, p-amine Benzenesulfonic acid, o-anisole, p-aminoanisole, DSD acid, p-aminophenetole, CTL acid, o-cyano-p-nitroaniline, acetoacetylacetamide o-Methoxyaniline, hydroquinone, resorcinol, N-methyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine Toluidine , N,N-diethyl-m-toluidine, N-methyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-toluidine Methyl cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl cyanoethyl-m- toluidine, N-methylphenyl-m-toluidine, p-, ethoxyaniline, 2 4-dimethylaniline, 4-chloro-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methoxy-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4- methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl- aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide 2,4,5-Trichloroaniline, 4-methoxy-3-amino-N,N-diethylbenzenesulfonamide, 2,4,5 -trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline , 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2 ,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4 ,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline inter, para ester, etc.

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ʻO nā ʻano nui o ka naphthalene intermediates

2-naphthol, H-ʻakika, K-ʻakika, 2,3-ʻakika, 2,6-ʻakika, thujaplic acid, 6-nitro-1,2,4 acid oxygens. J-ʻakika, peri-ʻakika, gamma-ʻakika, G-paʻakai, R-paʻakai, amino K-ʻakika, 2-naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic acid, 1-naphthol -5-sulfonic acid, 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene , 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2R-akika a pela aku. Anthraquinone intermediates: anthraquinone, 1-amino anthraquinone, 1,4-diamino anthraquinone, 1,5-dimethyl-bromophosphate, 1,5-dimethyl-anthraquinone, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2R-acid, etc. ,5-diamino anthraquinone, 1-Amino-5-benzoyl anthraquinone, 1,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone, 1,8-hydroxy Anthraquinone, 1,8-dihydroxy-4,5-diamino anthraquinone, etc.

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ʻO nā ʻano heterocyclic nui a me nā ʻano cyclic

Cyanuric chloride, barbituric acid, 2-amino-6-nitrobenzothiazole, 2-amino-5,6-dichlorobenzothiazole, 2-aminobenzothiazole Aminothiazole, dehydrothiobenzidine bisulfonic acid, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone -cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano -4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4 -methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl -6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6 -hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone Formylamino-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 4-chloro-1,8-naphthalene anhydride, naphthalene tetracarboxylic anhydride, ! tetracarboxylic anhydride, etc.