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Hoʻolauna
He lālā koʻikoʻi loa ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana (kala) o ka ʻoihana kemika maikaʻi, a ʻo ka wikiwiki o ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻoihana hoʻoluʻu ʻana (kala) e hilinaʻi nei i ka ulu ʻana o nā mea waena e hele pū me ia.

Ua hoʻomohala nui ʻia ka hana ʻana o nā mea hoʻoluʻu a me nā mea hoʻonaninani ma Kina mai ka makahiki 1950, me ka hoʻokūkū ikaika loa ma ka mākeke, ua lilo nā mea hoʻoluʻu a me nā mea hoʻonaninani i mea hou i ka ʻenehana hana; nā holomua i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻano hou, ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke kaʻina hana, ka noiʻi ʻana i nā ʻano hana hou, nā hoʻohana hou o nā ʻano kahiko, ka pale ʻana i ke kaiapuni, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana maʻemaʻe no ka hana ʻana i nā mea hoʻoluʻu a me nā mea hoʻonaninani.

ʻO ka mea mua, ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea waena
Kiʻi

ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, he nui nā ʻano o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea waena, kahi mea waena i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o nā mea hoʻonaninani i kapa ʻia ʻo nā mea waena dye, a hoʻohana ʻia i nā pesticides, nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā mea i kapa ʻia ʻo nā pesticides, nā mea waena lāʻau lapaʻau. Pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia nā mea waena ma ke ʻano he lālā o ka ʻoihana kemika maikaʻi loa, ʻaʻole pono e hoʻokaʻawale paʻa ʻia i nā mea waena dyestuff, nā mea waena pesticide, nā mea waena lāʻau lapaʻau e ka ʻoihana, kahi e hōʻemi ai i ka laulā o ka hoʻohana ʻana o kekahi mau mea waena a hoʻopilikia i kona hoʻomohala ʻana.

ʻO ka noiʻi ʻana i nā mea waena kemika maikaʻi e hōʻike ʻia e kahi ākea o nā ʻano like ʻole, me kekahi mau ʻano o ka unahi hana he nui loa ia, ʻaʻole nui loa ka hapa nui o nā ʻano o nā tonage, akā he paʻakikī pinepine ke kaʻina hana hoʻomākaukau, e pili ana i nā hopena ʻāpana he nui a me ke kaʻina hana hoʻokaʻawale, ua hana pū ka hana ʻana i kahi helu nui o nā "ʻōpala ʻekolu" e pono ai ke mālama pono ʻia. No laila, pono mākou e komo i ka noiʻi kaʻina hana o nā huahana moʻo a hoʻonohonoho i ka hana ʻana o nā mea waena i mea e loaʻa ai nā pono unahi maikaʻi.

Mai ke kūlana o nā ʻāina ʻē, ʻo ka noiʻi a me ka hana ʻana o nā mea waena e hoʻopili pono ʻia e hoʻokō i ka hana moʻo, hiki i kahi hoʻonohonoho o nā lako hana ke hana i kekahi mau ʻano he ʻumikūmālua o nā mea waena, ʻo ia ʻano noiʻi a me ka hana ʻana ma o ka hoʻomohala holoʻokoʻa, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana hou, e loaʻa i ka hopena pālua me ka hapalua o ka hoʻoikaika. Hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia ke kūlana o Iapana no kā mākou kuhikuhi, ʻo ka hana mua o nā mea waena ma Iapana ua hoʻopuehu nui ʻia, mai ka makahiki 1960 ua ʻehiku mau manawa e hoʻoponopono ai, e kālele ana.

Ma o ka hoʻololi ʻana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ua hōʻea ka ʻoihana hoʻoluʻu a me ka pigment intermediates o Kina i kahi pae kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i ka pae hana, ʻenehana a me nā pae lako, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokō wale i nā pono o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻoihana hoʻoluʻu kūloko a me ka pigment, akā hāʻawi pū i nā intermediates maikaʻi no nā ʻāina ʻē.

ʻO nā mea maka e pono ai no ka hana ʻana o nā mea waena e loaʻa nui ʻia mai nā huahana o ka ʻaila a me ka ʻoihana kemika coking, ʻo ka hapa nui o ia mau mea he benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone compounds, a me kekahi mau hui heterocyclic, a ʻo nā pigments organik i hoʻomākaukau ʻia me nā hui heterocyclic intermediates e piʻi nei i nā makahiki i hala iho nei. Eia kekahi, ʻo phenanthrene, pyridine, oxygen fluorene, quinoline, indole, carbazole, biphenyl series of compounds, ʻo kēia mau mea maka paʻakikī i hoʻopili ʻia i ka hana ʻana o nā dyes, a laila e ʻoi aku ka laulā a me ke ao holoʻokoʻa o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea maka synthetic.

ʻO ka lua, ʻo nā hopena kemika i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia o nā intermediates
Kiʻi

E hana ʻia nā mea maka i loko o nā mea hoʻoluʻu (kala) ʻoihana waena e hoʻohana nui ʻia nā hopena kemika penei.

(1) ka hopena sulfonation
(2) Ka hopena nitration
(3) ka hopena halogenation
(4) Ka hopena hōʻemi e hoʻomākaukau i ka amino
(5) Ka hopena diazotization (pinepine ʻia me ka hopena coupling)
(6) ka hopena fusion alkali e pani i ka hui waikawa sulfonic i hydroxyl
(7) Ka hopena acylation
(8) Ka hopena oxidation
(9) ka hopena condensation a me ka carbonation
(10) Ka hopena aromatization (ʻo ka amino nui)
(11) ka hopena hoʻololi like o nā hui hydroxyl a me amino
(12) ka hopena hydrochloric hydroxyl a i ʻole amino hydrocarbonation

Wahi a ke ʻano o ke apo ʻala nui o nā mea waena kemika maikaʻi, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea waena i ka ʻōnaehana aliphatic, ʻōnaehana benzene, ʻōnaehana naphthalene, ʻōnaehana anthraquinone, ʻōnaehana heterocyclic a me ka ʻōnaehana apo mānoanoa. Hiki i ko mākou ʻāina ke hana i nā benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone, ʻōnaehana heterocyclic, e like me ka dyeing, nā mea waena pigment ma mua o 400 mau ʻano, ʻo ke kumu e hoʻokō ai i nā pono hoʻomohala ʻoihana dyeing a me ka pigment.

ʻO nā ʻano nui o ka ʻōnaehana benzene.

2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, o-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrophenol, N,N-dimethylaniline, p-aminoanisole, p-nitroaniline, o-toluidine, 2-bromo-6-chloro-p-nitroaniline, N-ethylaniline, m-hydroxydiethylaniline, 2,4-dinitro-6-bromoaniline, om-phenylenediamine, 3,3-dichlorobenzidine, bianisidine, p-aminobenzenesulfonic acid, o-, p-aminoanisole, DSD, etc. N-methyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-diethyl-m-toluidine, N-methyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, ʻO N-methyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine. m-toluidine, N-ethyl cyanoethyl m-toluidine, N-methylphenyl m-toluidine, p-toluidine, ethoxy aniline, 2-4-dimethyl aniline, 4-chloro-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methoxy-3-aminobenzanilide, 4-methoxy-3-amino-N,N-diethylbenzenesulfonamide, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, m- a me nā para-esters, a pēlā aku.

ʻO nā ʻano nui o nā waena naphthalene.

2-naphthol, H-acid, K-acid, 2,3-acid, 2,6-acid, tartaric acid, 6-nitro-1,2,4-acid oxygenate, J-acid, peri-acid, γ-acid, G-salt, R-salt, amino K-acid, 2-naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic acid, 1-naphthol-5-sulfonic acid, 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2R-acid, etc. ʻO nā ʻano nui o nā mea waena anthraquinone: anthraquinone, 1-amino anthraquinone, 1,4-diamino anthraquinone, 1,5-dimethyl anthraquinone bromine, 1,5-diamino anthraquinone, 1-amino-5-benzoyl anthraquinone, 1,5-dihydroxy anthraquinone, 1,8-hydroxy anthraquinone, 1,8-dihydroxy-4,5-diamino anthraquinone, a pēlā aku.

ʻO nā ʻano nui o ka ʻōnaehana heterocyclic a me ka ʻōnaehana apo mānoanoa.

Melamine, waikawa barbituric, 2-amino-6-nitrobenzothiazole, 2-amino-5,6-dichlorobenzothiazole, 2-amino thiazole, dehydrothio-p-toluidine bisulfonic acid, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-formylamino-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 4-chloro-1,8-naphthalic anhydride, naphthalenetetracarboxylic anhydride, ! tetracarboxylic anhydride, a pēlā aku.