Ke kūlana o kēia manawa: ʻo ka ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau e kālele nui ana i ka synthesis kemika lāʻau lapaʻau, nā lāʻau lapaʻau biological a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau lāʻau lapaʻau Kina kuʻuna, a ʻo ka hana ʻana he mau ʻano huahana like ʻole, nā kaʻina hana paʻakikī a me nā unahi hana like ʻole.
ʻO ka wai hoʻoneoneo i hana ʻia e ke kaʻina hana lāʻau lapaʻau he mau ʻano o ka nui o ka haumia, nā ʻāpana paʻakikī, ka biodegradability haʻahaʻa a me ka ʻawahia olaola kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO ka hoʻohuihui kemika a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka wai hoʻoheheʻe lāʻau lapaʻau ka paʻakikī a me ke kumu nui i ka kaohi haumia o ka ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau.
ʻO ka wai hoʻoheheʻe kemika kahi mea haumia nui i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka wā o ka hana lāʻau lapaʻau [2].
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka wai hoʻoneoneo lāʻau lapaʻau i ʻehā mau māhele [3], ʻo ia hoʻi ka wai hoʻoneoneo a me ka wai makuahine i ke kaʻina hana;
ʻO ke koena wai i ka hoʻōla ʻana e komo pū me ka mea hoʻoheheʻe, ka wai mua, ka huahana ʻaoʻao, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
Nā kaʻina hana hoʻokahe wai kōkua e like me ka wai hoʻolulu, a pēlā aku.
Nā lako a me ka wai hoʻoneʻe lepo;
ʻŌpala wai kūloko.
ʻEnehana no ka mālama ʻana i ka wai hoʻoneoneo waena lāʻau lapaʻau
Ma muli o nā ʻano o ka wai hoʻoneoneo lāʻau lapaʻau e like me ke COD kiʻekiʻe, ka naikokene kiʻekiʻe, ka phosphorus kiʻekiʻe, ka nui o ka paʻakai, ka chroma hohonu, ka hoʻohuihui paʻakikī a me ka biodegradability haʻahaʻa, ʻo nā ʻano hana lapaʻau maʻamau e pili ana i ka mālama ʻana i ka physicochemical a me ke kaʻina hana lapaʻau biochemical [6].
Wahi a nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o ka maikaʻi o ka wai hoʻoneoneo, e hoʻopili ʻia kekahi mau ʻano hana e like me ka hui pū ʻana o ke kaʻina hana physicochemical a me ke kaʻina hana biological [7].
ʻO ke kiʻi
1. ʻenehana lapaʻau kino a me ke kemika
I kēia manawa, ʻo nā ʻano hana kino a me nā kemika nui no ka hana ʻana i ka wai hoʻoheheʻe lāʻau lapaʻau e komo pū ana me: ke ʻano flotation kinoea, ke ʻano sedimentation coagulation, ke ʻano adsorption, ke ʻano osmosis hoʻohuli, ke ʻano incineration a me ke kaʻina hana oxidation holomua [8].
Eia kekahi, ʻo nā ʻano electrolysis a me nā kemika hoʻopulapula, e like me ka FE-C micro-electrolysis a me nā ʻano MAP hoʻopulapula no ka wehe ʻana i ka nitrogen a me ka phosphorus, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i ka mālama ʻana i ka wai hoʻoneoneo waena lāʻau lapaʻau.
1.1 Ke ʻano hana coagulation a me ka sedimentation
ʻO ke kaʻina hana coagulation kahi e hoʻololi ʻia ai nā ʻāpana i hoʻokuʻu ʻia a me nā ʻāpana colloidal i loko o ka wai i kahi kūlana paʻa ʻole ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea kemika a laila hōʻuluʻulu ʻia i loko o nā flocs a i ʻole flocs i maʻalahi ke hoʻokaʻawale.
I kēia manawa, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kēia ʻenehana i ka pretreatment, ka mālama waena a me ka mālama holomua o ka wai hoʻoneoneo lāʻau lapaʻau [10].
ʻO ka ʻenehana o ke coagulation a me ka sedimentation he mau pono o ka ʻenehana makua, nā lako maʻalahi, ka hana paʻa a me ka mālama pono.
Eia nō naʻe, e nui ana ka nui o ka sludge kemika i hana ʻia i ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia ʻenehana, kahi e alakaʻi ai i ka pH haʻahaʻa o ka effluent a me ka nui o ka paʻakai o ka wai hoʻoneoneo.
Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole hiki i ka ʻenehana coagulation a me ka sedimentation ke hoʻopau pono i nā mea haumia i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai hoʻoneoneo, ʻaʻole hoʻi hiki ke hoʻopau loa i nā mea haumia ʻawahia a me nā mea ʻino i loko o ka wai hoʻoneoneo.
1.2 Ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe kemika
ʻO ke ʻano hoʻoinu kemika kahi ʻano kemika e wehe ai i nā mea haumia i loko o ka wai ʻino ma o ka hopena kemika ma waena o nā mea kemika hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a me nā mea haumia i loko o ka wai ʻino e hana i nā paʻakai hiki ʻole ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, nā hydroxides a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​hui paʻakikī.
Loaʻa pinepine i ka wai hoʻokahe lāʻau lapaʻau ka nui o ka ammonia nitrogen, phosphate a me nā ion sulfate, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. No kēia ʻano wai hoʻokahe, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ke ʻano hoʻopulapula kemika no ka mālama mua ʻana i ke kino a me ka kemika e hōʻoia i ka hana maʻamau o ke kaʻina hana mālama biochemical ma hope.
Ma ke ʻano he ʻenehana mālama wai kuʻuna, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka hoʻoheheʻe kemika e palupalu ai ka wai ʻino.
Ma muli o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea maka kemika maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe i ke kaʻina hana o ka wai hoʻokahe lāʻau lapaʻau, loaʻa pinepine i ka wai hoʻokahe ka nui o ka ammonia nitrogen a me ka phosphorus a me nā mea haumia ʻē aʻe, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano hoʻokahe kemika magnesium ammonium phosphate hiki ke hoʻoneʻe pono i nā mea haumia ʻelua i ka manawa like, a hiki ke hana hou ʻia ka hoʻokahe paʻakai magnesium ammonium phosphate i hana ʻia.
ʻO ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe kemika magnesium ammonium phosphate i ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo ia ke ʻano struvite.
I ke kaʻina hana o ka mea hana lāʻau lapaʻau waena, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka nui o ka waikawa sulfuric i kekahi mau hale hana, a haʻahaʻa paha ka pH o kēia ʻāpana o ka wai hoʻoneoneo. I mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka waiwai pH o ka wai hoʻoneoneo a wehe i kekahi mau ion sulfate i ka manawa like, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ke ʻano o ka hoʻohui ʻana iā CaO, i kapa ʻia ʻo ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe kemika o ka desulfurization quicklime.
1.3 hoʻopili ʻana
ʻO ke kumumanaʻo o ka wehe ʻana i nā mea haumia i loko o ka wai ʻino ma ke ʻano adsorption e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea paʻa porous e hoʻopili i kekahi a i ʻole nā ​​​​ʻano mea haumia like ʻole i loko o ka wai ʻino, i hiki ai ke wehe ʻia a hana hou ʻia paha nā mea haumia i loko o ka wai ʻino.
ʻO nā adsorbents i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e like me ka lehu lele, slag, kalapona i hoʻāla ʻia a me ka resin adsorption, kahi i hoʻohana nui ʻia ai ke kalapona i hoʻāla ʻia.
1.4 ka lana ʻana o ka ea
ʻO ke ʻano lana ʻana o ka ea kahi hana mālama wai ʻino kahi e hoʻohana ʻia ai nā pehu liʻiliʻi i hoʻopuehu nui ʻia e like me nā mea lawe e hana i ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā mea haumia i loko o ka wai ʻino. No ka mea, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka nui o nā pehu liʻiliʻi e pili ana i nā mea haumia ma mua o ka wai a lana i luna, ua ʻike ʻia ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka wai paʻa a i ʻole ka wai-wai.
ʻO nā ʻano lana ʻana o ka ea e komo pū me ka lana ʻana o ka ea i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, ka lana ʻana o ka ea i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, ka lana ʻana o ka ea electrolysis a me ka lana ʻana o ka ea kemika, a pēlā aku. [18], ma waena o ia mau mea he kūpono ka lana ʻana o ka ea kemika no ka mālama ʻana i ka wai hoʻoneoneo me ka nui o nā mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia.
Loaʻa i ke ʻano lana ea nā pono o ka hoʻopukapuka haʻahaʻa, ke kaʻina hana maʻalahi, ka mālama pono a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu haʻahaʻa, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopau pono i nā mea haumia i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai ʻino.
1.5 electrolysis
ʻO ke kaʻina hana electrolytic ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kuleana o ke au i hoʻopili ʻia, hana i nā moʻo o nā hopena kemika, hoʻololi i nā mea haumia ʻino i loko o ka wai hoʻoneʻe a ua wehe ʻia, ʻo ke kumumanaʻo o ka hopena electrolytic i hana ʻia i loko o ka hopena electrolyte ma o ka mea electrode a me ka hopena electrode, hana i kahi oxygen ecological hou a me ka hydrogen [H] a me nā mea haumia wai hoʻoneʻe o ka hopena REDOX e wehe i nā mea haumia.
He kiʻekiʻe ka pono o ke ʻano electrolysis a maʻalahi hoʻi ka hana ʻana i ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ʻino. I ka manawa like, hiki i ke ʻano electrolysis ke wehe pono i nā mea kala i loko o ka wai ʻino a hoʻomaikaʻi pono i ka biodegradability o ka wai ʻino.
ʻO ke kiʻi
2. ʻenehana oxidation holomua
ʻO ka ʻenehana oxidation holomua, ma ke ʻano he ʻenehana mālama wai hou, he nui nā pono, e like me ka hoʻomaikaʻi kiʻekiʻe o ka hōʻino ʻana i nā mea haumia, ka hōʻino piha ʻana a me ka oxidation o nā mea haumia a me ka ʻole o ka haumia lua.
ʻO ka ʻenehana oxidation holomua, i ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo ka ʻenehana oxidation hohonu, he ʻenehana mālama kino a me ke kemika e hoʻohana ana i ka oxidizer, ka mālamalama, ka uila, ke kani, ka magnetic a me ka catalyst e hana i nā radical free ikaika loa (e like me · OH) e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā mea haumia organik refractory.
Ma ke kahua o ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ʻino lāʻau lapaʻau, ua lilo ka ʻenehana oxidation holomua i mea nui o ka noiʻi nui a me ka nānā ʻana.
ʻO ka ʻenehana oxidation holomua e pili ana i ka oxidation electrochemical, oxidation chemical, ultrasonic oxidation, wet catalytic oxidation, photocatalytic oxidation, composite catalytic oxidation, supercritical water oxidation a me ka ʻenehana hui pū ʻia o ka oxidation holomua.
ʻO ke ʻano hoʻomake kemika ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kemika ponoʻī a i ʻole ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana me ka hoʻomake ikaika e hoʻomake i nā mea haumia organik i loko o ka wai hoʻoneoneo e hoʻokō ai i ke kumu o ka wehe ʻana i nā mea haumia, nā ʻano hoʻomake kemika e like me ka hoʻomake ozone, ke ʻano hoʻomake Fenton a me ke ʻano hoʻomake catalytic pulu.
2.1 Kaʻina hana hoʻomake ʻo Fenton
ʻO ke ʻano hoʻomake ʻana o Fenton kahi ʻano hana hoʻomake holomua i hoʻohana nui ʻia i kēia manawa. Hoʻohana kēia ʻano hana i ka paʻakai ferric (Fe2+ a i ʻole Fe3+) ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoulu e hana i ka ·OH me ka hoʻomake ikaika ma lalo o ke kūlana o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka H2O2, hiki ke loaʻa ka hopena hoʻomake me nā mea haumia organik me ka ʻole o ke koho ʻana e hoʻokō i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa a me ka mineralization o nā mea haumia.
He nui nā pono o kēia ʻano hana, me ka wikiwiki o ka pane wikiwiki, ʻaʻohe haumia lua a me ka oxidation ikaika, a pēlā aku. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ke ʻano oxidation Fenton i ka mālama ʻana i ka wai hoʻoneoneo lāʻau lapaʻau ma muli o ka hopena oxidation koho ʻole i ke kaʻina hana o ka oxidation kemika a hiki i ke ʻano hana ke hōʻemi i ka ʻawahia o ka wai hoʻoneoneo a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe.
2.2 Ke ʻano hana hoʻomakeʻe electrochemical
ʻO ke ʻano oxidation electrochemical ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea electrode e hana i ka superoxide free radical · O2 a me ka hydroxyl free radical · OH, ʻelua mau mea i loaʻa ka hana oxidation kiʻekiʻe, hiki ke oxidize i nā mea organik i loko o ka wai hoʻoneoneo, a laila hoʻokō i ke kumu o ka wehe ʻana i nā mea haumia.
Eia nō naʻe, loaʻa i kēia ʻano hana nā ʻano o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe a me ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe.
2.3 Hoʻomake ʻana o ka photocatalytic
ʻO ka oxidation photocatalytic kahi ʻenehana lapaʻau kūpono i ka ʻenehana lapaʻau wai, kahi e hoʻohana ai i nā mea catalytic (e like me TiO2, SrO2, WO3, SnO2, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) ma ke ʻano he mea lawe catalytic e hoʻokō i ka oxidation catalytic o ka hapa nui o nā mea haumia e hōʻemi ana i ka wai hoʻoneoneo, i mea e hoʻokō ai i ke kumu o ka wehe ʻana i nā mea haumia.
No ka mea, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā hui i loko o ka wai hoʻomake lāʻau lapaʻau he mau mea polar me nā hui acidic a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea polar me nā hui alkaline, hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa pololei ʻia a ʻaʻole pololei paha ia mau mea e ka mālamalama.
2.4 ʻOkika wai supercritical
ʻO ka oxidation wai Supercritical (SCWO) kahi ʻano ʻenehana mālama wai e lawe ana i ka wai ma ke ʻano he medium a hoʻohana i nā ʻano kūikawā o ka wai i ke kūlana supercritical e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka helu hopena a hoʻomaopopo i ka oxidation piha o nā mea organik.
2.5 ʻenehana hui ʻokikene holomua
Hoʻohana kēlā me kēia ʻenehana oxidation holomua i ko lākou mau palena ponoʻī, i mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka pono o ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ʻino, ua hui pū ʻia kekahi mau ʻenehana oxidation holomua, i hoʻokumu ʻia ka hui pū ʻana o nā ʻenehana oxidation holomua, a i ʻole hoʻokahi ʻenehana oxidation holomua i hui pū ʻia me nā ʻenehana ʻē aʻe i loko o ka ʻenehana hou e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hiki ke oxidation a me ka hopena mālama a e hoʻokō i nā loli o ka maikaʻi o ka wai i ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ʻōpala lāʻau lapaʻau nui aʻe.
ʻO UV-Fenton, UV-H2O2, UV-O3, ultrasonic photocatalysis, activated carbon photocatalysis, microwave photocatalysis a me photocatalysis, etc. I kēia manawa, ʻo nā ʻenehana hui ozone i aʻo nui ʻia [36]:
ʻO ke kaʻina hana kalapona i hoʻāla ʻia o ka Ozone, ʻo O3-H2O2 a me UV-O3, mai ka hopena mālama ʻana o ka wai hoʻoneoneo refractory a me ka noi ʻenekinia, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hiki ke hoʻomohala ʻia ʻo O3-H2O2 a me UV-O3.
ʻO ke kaʻina hana hui pū ʻana o Fenton maʻamau e komo pū ana me ke ʻano micro-electrolysis Fenton, ke ʻano hao H2O2, ke ʻano photochemical Fenton (e like me ke ʻano solar Fenton, ke ʻano UV-Fenton, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe), akā hoʻohana nui ʻia ke ʻano uila Fenton.
ʻO ke kiʻi
3. ʻenehana lapaʻau biochemical
ʻO ka ʻenehana mālama biochemical ka ʻenehana nui i ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ʻino, ma o ka ulu ʻana o ka microbial, metabolism, hana hou a me nā kaʻina hana ʻē aʻe e hoʻopau i nā mea organik i loko o ka wai ʻino, loaʻa i ko lākou ikehu ponoʻī a hoʻokō i ke kumu o ka wehe ʻana i nā mea organik.
3.1 ʻenehana lapaʻau olaola Anaerobic
ʻO ka ʻenehana lapaʻau olaola Anaerobic i ka wā ʻaʻohe o kahi ʻōnaehana oxygen molekala, ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka metabolism bacteria anaerobic, ma o ke kaʻina hana o ka hydrolytic acidification, ka hana hydrogen acetic acid a me ka hana methane a me nā kaʻina hana ʻē aʻe e hoʻololi i nā macromolecules, paʻakikī ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā mea olaola i CH4, CO2, H2O a me nā mea olaola molekala liʻiliʻi.
Loaʻa pinepine i ka wai hoʻoheheʻe lāʻau lapaʻau synthetic ka nui o nā mea organik refractory cyclic, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohaumia pololei ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia e nā bacteria aerobic, no laila ua lilo ka ʻenehana mālama anaerobic o kēia manawa i mea nui i ke kahua o ka mālama ʻana i ka wai hoʻoheheʻe lāʻau lapaʻau ma ka home a ma waho [43].
He nui nā pono o ka ʻenehana lapaʻau olaola Anaerobic: ʻaʻole pono ke kaʻina hana reactor anaerobic e hāʻawi i ka aeration, haʻahaʻa ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu;
ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ukana organik o ka wai influential anaerobic.
Nā koi meaʻai haʻahaʻa;
He haʻahaʻa ka hua sludge o ka reactor anaerobic, a he maʻalahi ka sludge e hoʻomaloʻo.
Hiki ke hoʻohana hou ʻia ka methane i hana ʻia ma ke kaʻina hana anaerobic e like me ka ikehu.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka effluent anaerobic a hiki i ke kūlana maʻamau, a pono e mālama hou ʻia ma o ka hui pū ʻana me nā kaʻina hana ʻē aʻe. Eia nō naʻe, ʻike ka ʻenehana mālama olaola anaerobic i ka waiwai pH, ka mahana a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Inā nui ka loli, e hoʻopilikia pololei ʻia ka hopena anaerobic, a laila e hoʻopilikia ʻia ka maikaʻi o ka effluent.
3.2 ʻenehana lapaʻau olaola aerobic
ʻO ka ʻenehana mālama olaola aerobic kahi ʻenehana mālama olaola e hoʻohana ana i ka decomposition oxidative a me ka assimilation synthesis o nā bacteria aerobic e wehe i nā mea organik i hoʻohaumia ʻia. I ka wā o ka ulu ʻana a me ka metabolism o nā meaola aerobic, e hana ʻia ka nui o ka hana hou ʻana, kahi e hoʻopuka ai i ka sludge i hoʻāla hou ʻia. E hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka sludge i hoʻāla nui ʻia ma ke ʻano o ka sludge koena, a e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ka wai ʻino i ka manawa like.

ʻOihana Kemika MIT –IVY me4 mau hale hanano 19 mau makahiki， nā kalaWaenas & nā mea lapaʻau waena &nā kemika maikaʻi a kūikawā .Kelepona (WhatsApp): 008613805212761 ʻAtena