ʻO nā dyes waikawa, nā dyes pololei a me nā dyes reactive he mau dyes wai-hoʻoheheʻe ʻia. ʻO ka hopena i ka makahiki 2001 he 30,000 tons, 20,000 tons a me 45,000 tons, kēlā me kēia. Eia nō naʻe, no ka manawa lōʻihi, ua uku nui nā ʻoihana dyestuff o koʻu ʻāina i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka noiʻi ʻana i nā dyes kūkulu hou, ʻoiai ua nāwaliwali ka noiʻi ʻana ma hope o ka hana ʻana o nā dyes. ʻO nā reagents standardization i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia no nā dyes wai-hoʻoheheʻe ʻia me ka sodium sulfate (sodium sulfate), dextrin, starch derivatives, sucrose, urea, naphthalene formaldehyde sulfonate, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Hoʻohui ʻia kēia mau reagents standardization me ka dye kumu ma ke ʻano e loaʻa ai ka ikaika e pono ai nā waiwai, akā ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokō i nā pono o nā kaʻina hana paʻi a me ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana i ka ʻoihana paʻi a me ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana. ʻOiai he haʻahaʻa ke kumukūʻai o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe dye i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna, he palupalu ko lākou wettability a me ka solubility wai, e paʻakikī ai ke hoʻololi i nā pono o ka mākeke honua a hiki ke hoʻokuʻu wale ʻia ma ke ʻano he dyes kumu. No laila, i ke kālepa ʻana i nā dyes hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai, ʻo ka makū a me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana o ka wai o nā dyes he mau pilikia e pono e hoʻoponopono koke ʻia, a pono e hilinaʻi ʻia nā mea hoʻohui pili.

Ka mālama ʻana i ka pulu ʻana o ka kala
Ma ke ʻano laulā, ʻo ka pulu ʻana ka hoʻololi ʻana o kahi wai (pono he kinoea) ma luna o ka ʻili e kekahi wai ʻē aʻe. ʻO ke kikoʻī, ʻo ka pauka a i ʻole ka granular interface pono e lilo i gas/solid interface, a ʻo ke kaʻina hana o ka pulu ʻana ʻo ia ka wā e pani ai ka wai (wai) i ke kinoea ma luna o ka ʻili o nā ʻāpana. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia he hana kino ka pulu ʻana ma waena o nā mea ma luna o ka ʻili. I ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana o ka dye ma hope o ka mālama ʻana, he hana koʻikoʻi ka pulu ʻana. Ma ke ʻano laulā, hana ʻia ka dye i loko o kahi kūlana paʻa, e like me ka pauka a i ʻole ka granule, pono e pulu ʻia i ka wā e hoʻohana ai. No laila, ʻo ka pulu ʻana o ka dye e hoʻopilikia pololei i ka hopena o ka noi. No ka laʻana, i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, he paʻakikī ke pulu i ka dye a he mea makemake ʻole ʻia ka lana ʻana ma luna o ka wai. Me ka hoʻomaikaʻi mau ʻana o nā koi maikaʻi o ka dye i kēia lā, ua lilo ka hana pulu ʻana i hoʻokahi o nā hōʻailona e ana i ka maikaʻi o nā dyes. ʻO ka ikehu o ka ʻili o ka wai he 72.75mN/m ma 20 ℃, kahi e emi ana me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i loli ka ikehu o ka ʻili o nā mea paʻa, ma lalo o 100mN/m. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻo nā metala a me kā lākou mau oxides, nā paʻakai inorganic, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe he maʻalahi ke pulu. Ua kapa ʻia he ikehu ʻili kiʻekiʻe. Ua like ka ikehu ʻili o nā mea ola paʻa a me nā polymers me ko nā wai maʻamau, i kapa ʻia he ikehu ʻili haʻahaʻa, akā loli ia me ka nui o nā ʻāpana paʻa a me ke kekelē o ka porosity. ʻO ka liʻiliʻi o ka nui o nā ʻāpana, ʻo ka nui o ke kekelē o ka hoʻokumu porous, a ʻo ka ʻili ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ikehu, pili ka nui i ka substrate. No laila, pono e liʻiliʻi ka nui o nā ʻāpana o ka dye. Ma hope o ka hana ʻana o ka dye e ka hana kalepa e like me ka paʻakai ʻana a me ka wili ʻana i nā ʻano media like ʻole, lilo ka nui o nā ʻāpana o ka dye i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, ua emi ka crystallinity, a ua loli ke ʻano o ka crystal, kahi e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka ikehu ʻili o ka dye a hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka pulu ʻana.

Ka mālama ʻana i ka solubility o nā dyes acid
Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lakio ʻauʻau liʻiliʻi a me ka ʻenehana hoʻoluʻu mau, ua hoʻomaikaʻi mau ʻia ke kiʻekiʻe o ka automation i ka paʻi ʻana a me ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana. ʻO ka puka ʻana mai o nā mea hoʻopihapiha a me nā pastes aunoa, a me ka hoʻolauna ʻana o nā dyes wai e pono ai ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o nā wai hoʻoluʻu kiʻekiʻe a me ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe a me nā pastes paʻi. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka solubility o nā dyes acidic, reactive a me direct i nā huahana dye home he 100g/L wale nō, ʻoi aku hoʻi no nā dyes acid. ʻO kekahi mau ʻano he 20g/L wale nō. Pili ka solubility o ka dye i ke ʻano molekala o ka dye. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kaumaha molekala a me ka liʻiliʻi o nā hui waikawa sulfonic, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka solubility; inā ʻaʻole, ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe. Eia kekahi, he mea nui loa ka hana ʻana i nā dyes kalepa, me ke ʻano crystallization o ka dye, ke kiʻekiʻe o ka wili ʻana, ka nui o ka ʻāpana, ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā mea hoʻohui, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, kahi e hoʻopilikia ai i ka solubility o ka dye. ʻO ka maʻalahi o ka dye e ionize, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o kona solubility i ka wai. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ke kālepa ʻana a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o nā kala kuʻuna e pili ana i ka nui o nā electrolytes, e like me ka sodium sulfate a me ka paʻakai. ʻO ka nui o Na+ i loko o ka wai e hōʻemi ana i ka solubility o ka dye i loko o ka wai. No laila, no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka solubility o nā dyes wai-soluble, mai hoʻohui mua i ka electrolyte i nā dyes kalepa.

Nā mea hoʻohui a me ka solubility
⑴ ʻO ka hui ʻona a me ka urea cosolvent
No ka mea, aia i loko o nā dyes wai-hoʻoheheʻe ʻia kahi helu o nā hui waikawa sulfonic a me nā hui waikawa carboxylic, maʻalahi ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā ʻāpana dye i loko o ka hopena wai a lawe i kahi nui o ka uku maikaʻi ʻole. Ke hoʻohui ʻia ka mea hoʻoheheʻe like me ka hui hoʻokumu pilina hydrogen, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi papa pale o nā ion hydrated ma luna o ka ʻili o nā ion dye, kahi e paipai ai i ka ionization a me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o nā molekala dye e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka solubility. ʻO nā polyols e like me ka diethylene glycol ether, thiodiethanol, polyethylene glycol, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ma ke ʻano he mau mea hoʻoheheʻe kōkua no nā dyes wai-hoʻoheheʻe ʻia. No ka mea hiki iā lākou ke hana i kahi pilina hydrogen me ka dye, ʻo ka ʻili o ka ion dye e hana i kahi papa pale o nā ion hydrated, kahi e pale ai i ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana a me ka pilina intermolecular o nā molekala dye, a paipai i ka ionization a me ka dissociation o ka dye.
⑵Mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻole-ionic
ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi surfactant non-ionic i ka dye hiki ke hoʻonāwaliwali i ka ikaika hoʻopaʻa ma waena o nā molekala dye a ma waena o nā molekala, hoʻolalelale i ka ionization, a hana i nā molekala dye e hana i nā micelles i loko o ka wai, kahi i loaʻa ka dispersibility maikaʻi. Hoʻokumu nā dyes polar i nā micelles. Hoʻokumu nā molekala solubilizing i kahi pūnaewele o ka compatibilization ma waena o nā molekala e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka solubility, e like me ka polyoxyethylene ether a i ʻole ester. Eia nō naʻe, inā nele ka molekala co-solvent i kahi hui hydrophobic ikaika, e nāwaliwali ka hopena dispersion a me ka solubilization ma nā micelle i hana ʻia e ka dye, a ʻaʻole e hoʻonui nui ʻia ka solubility. No laila, e hoʻāʻo e koho i nā solvents i loaʻa nā apo aromatic hiki ke hana i nā pilina hydrophobic me nā dyes. No ka laʻana, alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether, polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester emulsifier, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e like me polyalkylphenylphenol polyoxyethylene ether.
⑶ mea hoʻolaha lignosulfonate
He mana koʻikoʻi ko ka mea hoʻoheheʻe i ka solubility o ka dye. ʻO ke koho ʻana i kahi mea hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi e like me ke ʻano o ka dye e kōkua nui i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka solubility o ka dye. I loko o nā dye hoʻoheheʻe wai, he kuleana koʻikoʻi kāna i ka pale ʻana i ka adsorption like (ka ikaika van der Waals) a me ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana ma waena o nā molekole dye. ʻO Lignosulfonate ka mea hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi loa, a aia nā noiʻi ma kēia ma Kina.
ʻAʻole i loko o ke ʻano molekala o nā dyes disperse nā hui hydrophilic ikaika, akā nā hui polar nāwaliwali wale nō, no laila he hydrophilicity nāwaliwali wale nō, a he liʻiliʻi loa ka solubility maoli. Hiki i ka hapa nui o nā dyes disperse ke hoʻoheheʻe wale i ka wai ma 25 ℃. 1～10mg/L.
Pili ka solubility o nā dyes disperse i nā kumu aʻe:
ʻAno Molekala
"Piʻi ka solubility o nā dyes disperse i loko o ka wai i ka emi ʻana o ka ʻāpana hydrophobic o ka molekole dye a piʻi ka ʻāpana hydrophilic (ka maikaʻi a me ka nui o nā hui polar). ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ka solubility o nā dyes me ka nui molecular pili liʻiliʻi a me nā hui polar nāwaliwali e like me -OH a me -NH2. ʻO nā dyes me ka nui molecular pili nui aʻe a me nā hui polar nāwaliwali he haʻahaʻa ka solubility. No ka laʻana, ʻo Disperse Red (I), ʻo kona M=321, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka solubility ma mua o 0.1mg/L ma 25℃, a ʻo ka solubility he 1.2mg/L ma 80℃. ʻO Disperse Red (II), M=352, ʻo ka solubility ma 25℃ he 7.1mg/L, a ʻo ka solubility ma 80℃ he 240mg/L."
Mea hoʻopuehu
I loko o nā dyes dispersed pauka, ʻo ka nui o nā dyes maʻemaʻe he 40% a 60%, a ʻo ke koena he mau mea hoʻolaha, nā mea pale lepo, nā mea pale, ka sodium sulfate, a pēlā aku. I waena o lākou, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hapa o ka mea hoʻolaha.
Hiki i ka mea hoʻolaha (mea hoʻolaha) ke uhi i nā hua kristal maikaʻi o ka dye i loko o nā ʻāpana colloidal hydrophilic a hoʻopuehu iā ia me ka paʻa i loko o ka wai. Ma hope o ka hala ʻana o ka nui o nā micelle koʻikoʻi, e hana ʻia nā micelles, kahi e hōʻemi ai i kahi hapa o nā hua kristal dye liʻiliʻi. Ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o nā micelles, hiki mai ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "solubilization", no laila e hoʻonui ai i ka solubility o ka dye. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka maikaʻi o ke ʻano o ka mea hoʻolaha a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka nui, ʻo ka nui o ka hopena solubilization a me ka solubilization.
Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia he ʻokoʻa ka hopena solubilization o ka dispersant ma nā dyes disperse o nā ʻano like ʻole, a he nui loa ka ʻokoʻa; emi ka hopena solubilization o ka dispersant ma nā dyes disperse me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana o ka wai, ʻo ia ka mea like me ka hopena o ka mahana o ka wai ma nā dyes disperse. ʻOkoʻa ka hopena o ka solubility.
Ma hope o ka hana ʻana o nā ʻāpana kristal hydrophobic o ka dye disperse a me ka dispersant i nā ʻāpana colloidal hydrophilic, e hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻia kona kūpaʻa dispersion. Eia kekahi, ʻo kēia mau ʻāpana colloidal dye ke kuleana o ka "hoʻolako" ʻana i nā dyes i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana dyeing. No ka mea, ma hope o ka omo ʻia ʻana o nā mole dye i ke kūlana i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e ka fiber, e hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka dye "mālama ʻia" i loko o nā ʻāpana colloidal i ka manawa e mālama ai i ke kaulike hoʻoheheʻe o ka dye.
ʻO ke kūlana o ka dye disperse i loko o ka dispersion
ʻO ka molekole hoʻoheheʻe 1
2-Dye crystallite (solubilization)
Nā micelle 3-hoʻokahe
4-Dye mole hoʻokahi (hoʻoheheʻe ʻia)
ʻAno 5-Dye
Kumu lipophilic 6-dispersant
Kumu hydrophilic 7-dispersant
ʻIona 8-sodium (Na+)
9-huihui o nā kristala kala
Eia nō naʻe, inā nui loa ka "cohesion" ma waena o ka dye a me ka mea hoʻolaha, e emi ana ka "lako" o ka molekole hoʻokahi o ka dye ma hope a i ʻole e ʻoi aku ka hanana o ka "lako ma mua o ke koi". No laila, e hōʻemi pololei ia i ka helu dyeing a kaulike i ka pakeneka dyeing, e hopena ana i ka dyeing lohi a me ke kala māmā.
Hiki ke ʻike ʻia i ke koho ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻolaha, ʻaʻole wale ke kūpaʻa hoʻopuehu o ka dye e noʻonoʻo ʻia, akā, ʻo ka mana hoʻi ma ke kala o ka dye.
(3) Ka mahana o ka hopena hoʻoluʻu
Piʻi ka solubility o nā dyes disperse i loko o ka wai me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana o ka wai. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka solubility o Disperse Yellow i loko o ka wai 80°C he 18 mau manawa ma mua o 25°C. ʻO ka solubility o Disperse Red i loko o ka wai 80°C he 33 mau manawa ma mua o 25°C. ʻO ka solubility o Disperse Blue i loko o ka wai 80°C he 37 mau manawa ma mua o 25°C. Inā ʻoi aku ka mahana o ka wai ma mua o 100°C, e piʻi hou aku ka solubility o nā dyes disperse.
Eia kahi hoʻomanaʻo kūikawā: ʻo kēia ʻano hoʻoheheʻe o nā dyes disperse e lawe mai i nā pōʻino huna i nā noi hana. No ka laʻana, ke hoʻomehana like ʻole ʻia ka wai dye, kahe ka wai dye me ka mahana kiʻekiʻe i kahi i haʻahaʻa ai ka mahana. Ke emi ka mahana o ka wai dye, lilo ka wai dye i supersaturated, a e precipitate ka dye i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, e hana ana i ka ulu ʻana o nā hua kristal dye a me ka emi ʻana o ka solubility. , ʻO ka hopena i ka emi ʻana o ka lawe ʻana o ka dye.
(ʻehā) ʻano kristal kala
Loaʻa i kekahi mau kala hoʻopuehu ka hanana o ka "isomorphism". ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻo ka kala hoʻopuehu like, ma muli o ka ʻenehana hoʻopuehu like ʻole i ke kaʻina hana, e hana i kekahi mau ʻano kristal, e like me nā nila, nā koʻokoʻo, nā ʻōpala, nā granules, a me nā poloka. I ke kaʻina noi, ʻoiai i ka wā e hoʻoluʻu ai ma 130°C, e loli ke ʻano kristal paʻa ʻole i ke ʻano kristal paʻa.
He mea kūpono ke hoʻomaopopo ʻana he ʻoi aku ka nui o ka solubility o ke ʻano kristal paʻa, a ʻo ke ʻano kristal paʻa ʻole he emi iki ka solubility. E hoʻopilikia pololei kēia i ka nui o ka lawe ʻana o ka dye a me ka pakeneka o ka lawe ʻana o ka dye.
(5) Ka nui o ka ʻāpana
Ma keʻano laulā, ʻoi aku ka solubility o nā kala me nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi a me ke kūpaʻa hoʻopuehu maikaʻi. ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka solubility o nā kala me nā ʻāpana nui a ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ke kūpaʻa hoʻopuehu.
I kēia manawa, ʻo ka nui o nā ʻāpana o nā dye hoʻopuehu kūloko he 0.5 ~ 2.0μm (E hoʻomaopopo: ʻo ka nui o nā ʻāpana o ka dye dip e pono ai he 0.5 ~ 1.0μm).