ʻO nā waiʻala, nā mea waihoʻoluʻu pololei a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe reactive, he mau mea hoʻoheheʻe wai. ʻO ka hoʻopuka ʻana i ka makahiki 2001 he 30,000 tons, 20,000 tons a me 45,000 tons. Eia nō naʻe, no ka manawa lōʻihi, ua nānā nui nā ʻoihana dyestuff o koʻu ʻāina i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka noiʻi ʻana i nā mea hoʻonaninani hou, ʻoiai ua nāwaliwali ka noiʻi ʻana ma hope o ka hana ʻana i nā wai. Hoʻohana maʻamau ka standardization reagents no ka wai-soluble dyes me ka sodium sulfate (sodium sulfate), dextrin, starch derivatives, sucrose, urea, naphthalene formaldehyde sulfonate, etc. keia mau standardization reagents ua hui pu ia me ka wai kala kumu i ka like no ka loaa ana o ka ikaika koi Commodities, akā, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokō i nā pono o ka paʻi ʻana a me nā kaʻina hana kala i ka paʻi ʻana a me ka ʻoihana. ʻOiai he haʻahaʻa loa ke kumukūʻai o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe wai i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna nei, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a me ka hoʻoheheʻe wai, e paʻakikī ai ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā pono o ka mākeke honua a hiki ke lawe ʻia aku e like me nā mea pena kumu. No laila, i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā wai hoʻoheheʻe wai, ʻo ka wettability a me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka wai i nā pilikia e pono e hoʻoholo koke ʻia, a pono e hilinaʻi ʻia nā mea hoʻohui pili.

Lapaʻau wai pulu
ʻO ka ʻōlelo ākea, ʻo ka pulu ʻana ka hoʻololi ʻana o kahi wai (he kinoea paha) ma ka ʻili e kekahi wai ʻē aʻe. ʻO ke ʻano kikoʻī, ʻo ka pauka a i ʻole ka pānaʻi granular pono ke kinoea / paʻa paʻa, a ʻo ke kaʻina o ka pulu ʻana i ka wā e hoʻololi ai ka wai (wai) i ke kinoea ma ka ʻili o nā ʻāpana. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia he hana kino ka pulu ma waena o nā mea ma luna o ka ʻili. I ke kala ma hope o ka mālama ʻana, he mea nui ka pulu ʻana. ʻO ka maʻamau, ua hana ʻia ka wai i loko o kahi kūlana paʻa, e like me ka pauka a i ʻole granule, pono e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia i ka wā hoʻohana. No laila, e pili pono ana ka pulu o ke kala i ka hopena noi. No ka laʻana, i ka wā o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, paʻakikī ka pulu a lana ʻole i ka wai. Me ka hoʻomaikaʻi mau ʻana o nā koi o ka wai kala i kēia lā, ua lilo ka hana pulu i hoʻokahi o nā hōʻailona e ana i ka maikaʻi o nā wai. ʻO ka ikehu ili o ka wai he 72.75mN/m ma 20 ℃, e emi iho ana me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i hoʻololi ʻia ka ikehu ʻili o nā mea paʻa, ma lalo o 100mN/m. ʻO ka maʻamau ka maʻalahi o nā metala a me kā lākou oxide, nā paʻakai inorganic, a pēlā aku. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka ikehu ʻili o nā organika paʻa a me nā polymers me ka wai maʻamau, i kapa ʻia ʻo ka ikehu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, akā hoʻololi ia me ka nui o ka ʻāpana paʻa a me ke degere o ka porosity. ʻO ka liʻiliʻi o ka nui o ka ʻāpana, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke ʻano o ka porous, a me ka ʻili ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ikehu, pili ka nui i ka substrate. No laila, pono e liʻiliʻi ka nui o ke kala. Ma hope o ka hana ʻia ʻana o ke kala e ka hana ʻoihana e like me ka paʻakai ʻana a me ka wili ʻana i nā media like ʻole, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka nui o ke kala, hoʻemi ʻia ka crystallinity, a hoʻololi ke ʻano kristal, kahi e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka ikehu o ka wai a hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka pulu.

ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o nā wai waika
Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lākiō ʻauʻau liʻiliʻi a me ka ʻenehana kala hoʻomau, ua hoʻomaikaʻi mau ʻia ke kiʻekiʻe o ka automation i ka paʻi ʻana a me ke kala. ʻO ka puka ʻana mai o nā mea hoʻopiha piha a me nā pāpaʻi, a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā mea wai wai e pono ai ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā waiʻona kiʻekiʻe a me ka paʻa kiʻekiʻe a me ka paʻi paʻi. Eia naʻe, ma kahi o 100g/L wale nō ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻakika, reactive a pololei hoʻi i loko o nā mea hoʻonaninani kūloko, ʻoi aku hoʻi no nā wai waika. ʻO kekahi mau ʻano he 20g/L wale nō. Pili ka solubility o ka wai me ka molecular structure o ka wai. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kaumaha molekala a me ka liʻiliʻi o nā pūʻulu ʻakika sulfonic, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka solubility; a i ʻole, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe. Eia kekahi, he mea koʻikoʻi loa ka hoʻoili ʻana i nā kala, me ke ʻano crystallization o ke kala, ke ʻano o ka wili ʻana, ka nui o ka ʻāpana, ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā mea hoʻohui, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, e pili ana i ka solubility o ka wai. ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ka waihoʻoluʻu i ka ionize, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o kona solubility i ka wai. Eia nō naʻe, hoʻokumu ʻia ka hoʻolaha ʻana a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o nā mea pena kuʻuna ma luna o ka nui o nā electrolytes, e like me ka sodium sulfate a me ka paʻakai. ʻO ka nui o Na+ i loko o ka wai e hoʻemi i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia o ka wai i loko o ka wai. No laila, no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o nā wai hoʻoheheʻe wai, ʻaʻole mua e hoʻohui i ka electrolyte i nā wai kala ʻoihana.

Nā mea hoʻohui a me ka solubility
⑴ Hui waiʻona a me ka urea cosolvent
No ka mea, loaʻa i ka wai-soluble dye kekahi helu o nā pūʻulu ʻakika sulfonic a me nā pūʻulu waikawa carboxylic, ua maʻalahi ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā ʻāpana kala i loko o ka wai wai a lawe i kahi nui o ka uku maikaʻi ʻole. Ke hoʻohui ʻia ka co-solvent i loko o ka pūʻulu hoʻohui hydrogen, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi papa pale o nā ion hydrated ma ka ʻili o nā ion dye, e hoʻoikaika ana i ka ionization a me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o nā molekala kala e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka solubility. ʻO nā polyols e like me diethylene glycol ether, thiodiethanol, polyethylene glycol, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e hoʻohana mau ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoheheʻe kōkua no nā wai hoʻoheheʻe wai. No ka mea hiki iā lākou ke hana i kahi paʻa hydrogen me ka wai, ʻo ka ʻili o ka ion dye e hana i kahi papa pale o nā ion hydrated, ka mea e pale ai i ka hoʻohui ʻana a me ka pilina intermolecular o nā molekala kala, a hoʻoikaika i ka ionization a me ka dissociation o ka wai.
⑵Non-ionic surfactant
ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i kekahi surfactant non-ionic i ke kala hiki ke hoʻonāwaliwali i ka ikaika paʻa ma waena o nā molekala kala a ma waena o nā molekala, e hoʻolalelale i ka ionization, a e hana i nā molekala kala e hana i nā micelles i loko o ka wai, a maikaʻi ka dispersibility. Hana ʻia nā micelles nā wai pola. Hoʻokumu nā molekala hoʻoheheʻe i kahi pūnaewele o ka hoʻopili ʻana ma waena o nā molekala e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka solubility, e like me ka polyoxyethylene ether a i ʻole ester. Eia nō naʻe, inā ʻaʻohe pūʻulu hydrophobic ikaika ka molekele co-solvent, e nāwaliwali ka dispersion a me ka hopena solubilization i ka micelle i hana ʻia e ka wai, a ʻaʻole e piʻi nui ka solubility. No laila, e ho'āʻo e koho i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe i loaʻa nā apo ʻala e hiki ke hana i nā mea paʻa hydrophobic me nā mea hoʻonaninani. No ka laʻana, alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether, polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester emulsifier, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e like me ka polyalkylphenylphenol polyoxyethylene ether.
⑶ lignosulfonate dispersant
He mana nui ka dispersant i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia o ka wai. ʻO ke koho ʻana i kahi dispersant maikaʻi e like me ke ʻano o ke kala e kōkua nui i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka solubility o ka wai. I loko o nā wai hoʻoheheʻe wai, he kuleana ko ia i ka pale ʻana i ka adsorption like (van der Waals force) a me ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana ma waena o nā molekala kala. ʻO Lignosulfonate ka dispersant maikaʻi loa, a aia nā noiʻi e pili ana i kēia ma Kina.
ʻAʻole i loko o nā pūʻulu hydrophilic ikaika ka molecular structure of disperse dyes, akā nawaliwali wale nō nā pūʻulu polar, no laila he nāwaliwali wale nō ka hydrophilicity, a he liʻiliʻi loa ka solubility maoli. Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka hapa nui o nā wai i ka wai ma 25 ℃. 1~10mg/L.
ʻO ka solubility o nā disperse dyes pili i kēia mau mea:
Hoʻokumu Molecular
"Ke piʻi aʻe nei ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe i loko o ka wai i ka emi ʻana o ka ʻāpana hydrophobic o ka mole kala a hoʻonui ka ʻāpana hydrophilic (ka maikaʻi a me ka nui o nā hui polar). ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o nā wai me ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a me nā pūʻulu polar nāwaliwali e like me -OH a me -NH2. ʻO nā wai waihoʻoluʻu me ka nui o ka molekala pili a me ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o nā pūʻulu polar he haʻahaʻa ka solubility. No ka laʻana, Disperse Red (I), kona M=321, ʻoi aku ka solubility ma mua o 0.1mg/L ma 25 ℃, a ʻo ka solubility he 1.2mg/L ma 80 ℃. Hoʻopuehu ʻulaʻula (II), M=352, solubility ma 25 ℃ he 7.1mg/L, a me ka solubility ma 80 ℃ he 240mg/L.
Hoʻopuehu
I loko o ka pauka disperse dyes, ka maʻiʻo o ka maʻemaʻe dyes maʻamau 40% a hiki i 60%, a me ke koena he dispersants, dustproof agents, pale aku, sodium sulfate, etc.
Hiki i ka dispersant (diffusion agent) ke hoʻouhi i nā ʻāpana aniani maikaʻi o ka wai i loko o nā ʻāpana colloidal hydrophilic a hoʻopuehu paʻa i ka wai. Ma hope o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka ʻike micelle koʻikoʻi, e hoʻokumu ʻia nā micelles, kahi e hōʻemi ai i ka ʻāpana o nā ʻāpana aniani liʻiliʻi. Hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o nā micelles, ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "solubilization" hanana, ma laila e hoʻonui ai i ka solubility o ka wai. Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka dispersant a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻike, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka solubilization a me ka hopena solubilization.
Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia he ʻokoʻa ka hopena solubilization o ka dispersant ma nā disperse dyes o nā hale like ʻole, a he nui loa ka ʻokoʻa; ke emi nei ka hopena solubilization o ka dispersant ma nā disperse dyes me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana o ka wai, ʻo ia ke ʻano like me ka hopena o ka wela o ka wai ma nā disperse dyes. He kū'ē ka hopena o ka solubility.
Ma hope o ka hydrophobic crystal particles o ka disperse dye a me ka dispersant form hydrophilic colloidal particles, e hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻia kona paʻa ʻana. Eia kekahi, ke hana nei kēia mau ʻāpana colloidal dye i ke kuleana o ka "hoʻolako" i nā mea pena i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana. No ka mea, ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻia ʻana o nā molekala kala i loko o ka mokuʻāina i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e ka fiber, e hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka wai "mālama" i loko o nā ʻāpana colloidal i ka manawa e mālama ai i ke koena o ka dissolution o ka wai.
ʻO ke kūlana o ka disperse dye i ka dispersion
1-mea hoʻopuehu mole
2-Dye crystallite (solubilization)
3-dispersant micelle
4-Waena hoʻokahi mole (hoʻoheheʻe ʻia)
5-Waena kala
6-dispersant lipophilic kumu
7-dispersant hydrophilic kumu
8-iona paona (Na+)
9-hui o na crystallites kala
Eia naʻe, inā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka "cohesion" ma waena o ka wai a me ka mea hoʻopuehu, e lohi ana ka "hoʻolako" o ka mole kala hoʻokahi a i ʻole ke ʻano o "ka lako ma mua o ka noi". No laila, e hoʻemi pololei ia i ka helu kala a kaulike i ka pākēneka o ka waihoʻoluʻu, e hopena i ka waihoʻoluʻu lohi a me ke kala māmā.
Hiki ke ʻike ʻia i ke koho ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā dispersants, ʻaʻole pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia ka paʻa o ka dispersion wale nō, akā, ʻo ka hopena hoʻi i ke kala o ke kala.
(3) Hoʻoluʻu wai wela
Hoʻonui ka solubility o nā wai i loko o ka wai me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana o ka wai. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka solubility o Disperse Yellow i ka wai he 80°C he 18 manawa ma mua o 25°C. ʻO ka solubility o Disperse Red i loko o ka wai he 80°C he 33 manawa ma mua o 25°C. ʻO ka solubility o Disperse Blue i loko o ka wai he 80°C he 37 manawa ma mua o 25°C. Inā ʻoi aku ka mahana o ka wai ma mua o 100°C, e piʻi aʻe ka solubility o nā disperse dyes.
Eia kahi hoʻomanaʻo kūikawā: ʻo kēia waiwai hoʻoheheʻe o nā disperse dyes e lawe mai i nā pōʻino huna i nā noi kūpono. Eia kekahi laʻana, i ka wā e wela ai ka waiʻona waiʻona me ka likeʻole, e kahe ka waiʻona wai me ka wela kiʻekiʻe i kahi i haʻahaʻa ai ka mahana. I ka emi ʻana o ka mahana o ka wai, lilo ka waiʻona waiʻona i supersaturated, a e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka wai i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, e ulu ai nā ʻano kīʻaha aniani a me ka emi ʻana o ka solubility. , Ka hopena o ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka wai kala.
(ʻehā) ʻano aniani kala
Loaʻa i kekahi mau mea hoʻoheheʻe i ke ʻano o ka "isomorphism". ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻo ka disperse dye like, ma muli o ka ʻenehana hoʻopuehu ʻokoʻa i ka hana hana, e hana i kekahi mau ʻano aniani, e like me nā nila, nā koʻokoʻo, nā flakes, granules, a me nā poloka. Ma ke kaʻina hana noi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi i ke kala ʻana ma 130°C, e hoʻololi ke ʻano aniani ʻoi aku ka paʻa ʻole i ke ʻano aniani paʻa.
He mea pono e hoʻomaopopo i ka ʻoi aku ka paʻa o ke ʻano aniani i ʻoi aku ka nui o ka solubility, a ʻo ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o ka ʻano kristal ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka solubility. E pili pono ana kēia i ka nui o ka lawe ʻana i ka wai a me ka pākēneka o ka lawe ʻana i ka wai.
(5) Ka nui o ka ʻāpana
ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka solubility a me ka hoʻopuehu maikaʻi ʻana i nā wai me nā mea liʻiliʻi. ʻO nā wai waihoʻoluʻu me nā ʻāpana nui he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a me ka maikaʻi ʻole o ka hoʻopuehu ʻana.
I kēia manawa, he 0.5 ~ 2.0μm ka nui o ka nui o nā mea ho'ohehe'e i loko o ka hale.