He ʻano koʻikoʻi loa ka waena o nā huahana kemika maikaʻi. ʻO keʻano, heʻano ia o "nā huahana semi-finished", i hoʻohana nuiʻia i ka synthesis o ka lāʻau lapaʻau, nā pesticides, nā uhi, nā meaʻala a me nā meaʻala.

I ka lāʻau lapaʻau, hoʻohana ʻia nā mea waena e hana i nā API.

No laila he aha ka ʻoihana niche o nā intermediates pharmaceutical?

01

ʻO nā mea i kapa ʻia ʻo pharmaceutical intermediates ʻo ia kekahi mau mea kemika a i ʻole nā ​​​​huahana kemika i hoʻohana ʻia i ke kaʻina o ka synthesis lāʻau.
ʻO ke kemika, ʻaʻole ia e koi i ka laikini hana lāʻau, hiki ke hana ʻia i loko o kahi mea kanu kemika maʻamau a, ke hiki i kekahi mau pae, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i ka synthesis o nā lāʻau lapaʻau.

ʻO ke kiʻi

I kēia manawa, ʻo nā ʻano mea hoʻohiki maikaʻi loa o nā intermediates pharmaceutical ka mea nui penei:

Nucleoside waena.
ʻO kēia ʻano o ka synthesis waena o nā lāʻau anti-AIDS ka nui o zidovudine, mai ka United States Glaxo.
Hana ʻo Wellcome a me Bristol-Myers Squibb.

Nā mea waena o ka maʻi cardiovascular.
No ka laʻana, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia nā synthetic sartans i ka mālama ʻana i ka hypertension ma muli o kā lākou hopena antihypertensive piha, liʻiliʻi nā hopena ʻaoʻao, lōʻihi efficacy (ka mālama paʻa o ke koko no 24 mau hola) a me ka hiki ke hoʻohana pū me nā sartans ʻē aʻe.
Wahi a nā helu helu, i ka makahiki 2015, ua hiki i ka 3,300 tons ka noi honua no nā mea nui o ka lāʻau sartan (losartan potassium, olmesartan, valsartan, irbesartan, telmisartan, candesartan).
ʻO ka huina kūʻai he $21.063 biliona.

Nā mea waena fluorinated.
ʻO nā lāʻau lapaʻau Fluorinated i hoʻohui ʻia mai ia mau mea waena ua ulu wikiwiki i nā makahiki i hala ma muli o ko lākou maikaʻi maikaʻi. I ka makahiki 1970, he 2% wale nō o nā lāʻau lapaʻau fluorinated ma ka mākeke; ma 2013, 25% o nā lāʻau fluorinated aia ma ka mākeke.
ʻO nā huahana ʻelele e like me nā lāʻau anti-infective fluoroquinolone, antidepressant fluoxetine a me antifungal fluconazole account no kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ma waena o nā lāʻau anti-infective fluoroquinolone e pili ana i ka 15% o ka māhele mākeke honua o nā lāʻau anti-infective.
Eia kekahi, he mea koʻikoʻi ka trifluoroethanol no ka synthesis o ka anesthetics, ʻoiai he mea koʻikoʻi ka trifluoromethylaniline no ka synthesis o nā lāʻau antimalarial, anti-inflammatory a me analgesic lāʻau, nā lāʻau anti-prostate a me nā anti-depressants, a he ākea loa ka mākeke. .

Heterocyclic intermediates.
Me ka pyridine a me ka piperazine ma ke ʻano he ʻelele, hoʻohana nui ʻia ia i ka synthesis o nā lāʻau anti-ulcer, nā lāʻau lapaʻau nui, nā lāʻau anti-inflammatory a me nā anti-infective, nā lāʻau antihypertensive maikaʻi loa a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau anti-breast cancer hou letrozole.

02

He loulou koʻikoʻi nā mea waena lāʻau lapaʻau i ke kaulahao ʻoihana lāʻau.

ʻO ke kiʻi

ʻO ka upstream ke kumu kemika kumu, ʻo ka hapa nui o ia mau huahana petrochemical, e like me acetylene, ethylene, propylene, butene a me butadiene, toluene a me xylene.

Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kikowaena lāʻau lapaʻau i nā waena waena a me nā waena kiʻekiʻe.
Ma waena o lākou, hiki i nā mea kūʻai waena waena ke hāʻawi wale i ka hana maʻalahi maʻalahi a aia ma ke alo o ke kaulahao ʻoihana me ka hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū nui a me ke kumu kūʻai. No laila, ʻo ke kumukūʻai kūʻai o nā kumulāʻau kumu kemika he hopena nui iā lākou.

Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole i loaʻa i nā mea kūʻai aku ka mana kūʻai ikaika ma luna o nā mea hoʻolako mua, akā ʻoi aku ka mea nui, no ka mea, ke hana nei lākou i ka hana o nā intermediates kiʻekiʻe me nā ʻenehana loea kiʻekiʻe a hoʻomau i ka pilina pili me nā hui multinational, ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi lākou i ka piʻi ʻana o ke kumukūʻai. o na mea maka.

ʻO ka ʻaoʻao waena no ka ʻoihana kemika maikaʻi.
Hoʻopili nā mea hana o nā lāʻau lapaʻau i nā mea waena a i ʻole nā ​​API crude, a kūʻai aku i nā huahana ma ke ʻano o nā huahana kemika i nā hui lāʻau, e hoʻomaʻemaʻe iā lākou a kūʻai aku iā lākou e like me nā lāʻau lapaʻau.

ʻO nā mea waena lāʻau lapaʻau nā huahana maʻamau a me nā huahana maʻamau. E like me nā ʻano lawelawe ʻokoʻa outsourcing, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona ʻoihana maʻamau o nā intermediates i CRO (contract research and development outsourcing) a me CMO (contract production outsourcing).

I ka wā ma mua, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia ke ʻano ʻoihana outsourcing ʻoihana CMO i nā intermediates pharmaceutical.
Ma lalo o ke kumu hoʻohālike CMO, nā hui lāʻau lapaʻau e hoʻopuka i ka hana i nā hoa.
No laila, hoʻomaka ke kaulahao ʻoihana me nā lako lāʻau lapaʻau kūikawā.
Pono nā ʻoihana ʻoihana e kūʻai aku i nā kumulāʻau kemika maʻamau a hoʻokaʻawale a hoʻoponopono iā lākou i mau mea lāʻau lapaʻau kūikawā, a laila e hoʻoponopono hou iā lākou i nā mea hoʻomaka API, cGMP intermediates, API a me nā hoʻomākaukau.

Akā, ʻoiai ʻo nā hui lāʻau lapaʻau no ka mālama ʻana i nā kumukūʻai a me nā koi pono, ʻaʻole hiki i nā lawelawe outsourcing hana maʻalahi ke hoʻokō i ka koi o ka ʻoihana, ʻo ke ʻano CDMO (ka noiʻi hana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i waho) e kū mai i ka manawa mōʻaukala, pono ʻo CDMO i nā ʻoihana hana maʻamau e komo i loko. ka mea kūʻai i ke kaʻina o ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana, e hoʻolako i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke kaʻina hana a i ʻole ka optimization, ʻike i ka maikaʻi o ka hana nui, hoʻemi i ke kumukūʻai hana,
Loaʻa iā ia nā palena kālā kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ke kumu hoʻohālike CMO.

ʻO ka lalo ka mea nui o ka ʻoihana hana API, a aia ka API i ka pilina ma luna a me lalo me ka hoʻomākaukau.
No laila, ʻo ka koi ʻai ʻana o ka hoʻomākaukau lāʻau i lalo e pili pono i ka noi o ka API, a laila pili i ka noi o ka waena.

Mai ka hiʻohiʻona o ke kaulahao ʻoihana holoʻokoʻa, aia nō nā mea waena o nā lāʻau lapaʻau i ka ulu ʻana i kēia manawa, a ʻo ka awelika o ka loaʻa kālā maʻamau he 15-20%, ʻoiai ʻo ka awelika o ka loaʻa kālā o ka API he 20-25%, a me ka awelika. ʻO ka nui o ka loaʻa kālā o nā lāʻau lapaʻau ma lalo o 40-50%. ʻIke loa, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka loaʻa kālā o ka ʻaoʻao o lalo ma mua o ka ʻaoʻao o luna.
No laila, hiki i nā ʻoihana waena o ka lāʻau lapaʻau ke hoʻonui i ke kaulahao huahana, hoʻonui i ka loaʻa kālā a hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kūpaʻa o ke kūʻai ʻana ma o ka hana ʻana i ka API i ka wā e hiki mai ana.

03

Ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻomohala kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻoihana intermediates pharmaceutical ma Kina i ka makahiki 2000.

I kēlā manawa, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nānā ʻana o nā hui lāʻau lapaʻau ma nā ʻāina i kūkulu ʻia i ka noiʻi huahana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka mākeke e like me kā lākou hoʻokūkū koʻikoʻi, a hoʻolalelale i ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā intermediates a me ka hoʻoikaika lāʻau synthesis i nā ʻāina ulu me nā kumu haʻahaʻa.
No laila, ua loaʻa i ka ʻoihana intermediates pharmaceutical ma Kina ka hoʻomohala maikaʻi loa ma ka lawe ʻana i kēia manawa.
Ma hope o nā makahiki he ʻumi o ka hoʻomohala mau ʻana, me ke kākoʻo ʻana o ka hoʻoponopono āpau a me nā kulekele holoʻokoʻa, ua lilo ʻo Kina i kumu hana koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi i ka mahele honua o ka hana ma ka ʻoihana lāʻau.

Mai ka makahiki 2012 a hiki i 2018, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka huahana o ka ʻoihana lapaʻau lapaʻau o Kina mai kahi o 8.1 miliona tons me ka nui o ka mākeke ma kahi o 168.8 billion yuan a ma kahi o 10.12 miliona tons me ka nui o ka mākeke o 2010.7 billion yuan.

ʻO ke kiʻi

Ua loaʻa i ka ʻoihana waena lāʻau lapaʻau ʻo Kina i ka hoʻokūkū mākeke ikaika, a hiki i kekahi mau ʻoihana hana waena ke hana i nā mea waena me ka hoʻolālā molecular paʻakikī a me nā koi ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe. Ua hoʻomaka ka nui o nā huahana koʻikoʻi e hoʻomalu i ka mākeke honua.

Eia nō naʻe, ma ka laulā, aia nō ka ʻoihana waena ma Kina i ka wā hoʻomohala o ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka huahana a me ka hoʻonui ʻana, a ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka pae ʻenehana.
ʻO nā mea waena o nā lāʻau lapaʻau mua ka huahana nui i ka ʻoihana intermediates pharmaceutical, a he liʻiliʻi nā ʻoihana e hana ana i kahi helu nui o nā intermediates lapaʻau holomua a kākoʻo i nā huahana waena o nā lāʻau lapaʻau hou.

I kēia manawa, ʻo ka ʻoihana hoʻokūkū A-share i helu ʻia ma ka ʻoihana waena ʻo Yaben Chemical, Lianhua Technology, Boten, a me Wanrun, ka mea e manaʻo nei e hoʻolilo i 630 miliona yuan i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau waena a me nā papahana API me ka nui o 3,155 tons. /makahiki.
Hoʻomau lākou i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻano huahana ma o ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana, i mea e ʻimi ai i nā ala hou.

ʻO Yaben Chemical Co., Ltd. (300261): ʻO kā mākou huahana nui e pili ana i nā antitumor drug intermediates, antiepileptic drug intermediates a me antiviral intermediates.
Ma waena o lākou, ʻo ABAH, kahi lāʻau lapaʻau antiepileptic intermediate, i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ʻOkakopa 2014, me ka nui o 1,000 tons.
Ua hoʻokomo maikaʻi ʻia ka ʻenehana fermentation enzyme i loko o nā kikowaena cardiovascular e hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻokūkū o nā huahana.
I ka makahiki 2017, ua loaʻa i ka hui ʻo ACL, kahi hui lāʻau lapaʻau ikaika ma Malta, e hoʻolalelale ana i kāna hoʻonohonoho ʻana i ka mākeke olakino honua a hoʻokele i ka hoʻololi a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka waihona home.

BTG (300363): i kālele ʻia i nā mea hoʻohana lāʻau lapaʻau hou / ʻoihana ʻo API maʻamau CMO, nā huahana nui he mau lāʻau lapaʻau no ka anti-hepatitis C, anti-AIDS, hypolipidemia a me analgesia, a ʻo ia ka mea hoʻolako nui o Sofebuvir intermediates no ka anti-hepatitis o Gileada. C lāʻau.
Ma 2016, ʻo ka huina kālā o nā anti-diabetes + anti-hepatitis C drug intermediates i hōʻea i 660 miliona, ʻo ia ka 50% o ka huina kālā.
Eia nō naʻe, mai ka makahiki 2017, ma muli o ka hoʻōla lohi ʻana o nā maʻi maʻi hepatitis C a me ka emi ʻana o ka nui o ka poʻe maʻi, ua hoʻomaka ke kūʻai ʻana o Gileada i nā lāʻau hepatitis C. Eia kekahi, me ka pau ʻana o nā patent, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka nui o nā lāʻau anti-hepatitis C, a hoʻomau ka hoʻokūkū i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana, ka hopena o ka emi ʻana o nā kauoha waena a me ka loaʻa kālā.
I kēia manawa, ua hoʻololi ka hui mai ka ʻoihana CMO i ka ʻoihana CDMO e kūkulu i kahi kahua lawelawe alakaʻi honua no nā ʻoihana lāʻau.

ʻenehana Alliance (002250):
Hoʻokomo nui ʻia nā huahana intermediates lāʻau lapaʻau i nā lāʻau antitumor, autoimmune, nā lāʻau antifungal, nā lāʻau lapaʻau cardiovascular, nā lāʻau maʻi diabetes, nā antidepressants, nā lāʻau antihypertensive, nā lāʻau anti-flu, e like me nā kumu āpau i nā wahi therapeutic o ka honua kaulana a ākea ākea o ka mākeke. , ka ulu wikiwiki i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, loaʻa ka nui o ka ulu ʻana o ka hui ma kahi o 50%.
Ma waena o lākou, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka "puka makahiki o 300 tons o Chunidine, 300 tons of Fluzolic Acid a me 200 tons of Cyclopyrimidine Acid Project" i hana ʻia mai ka makahiki 2014.