He ʻano koʻikoʻi loa nā huahana kemika maikaʻi nā mea waena. ʻO ke kumu, he ʻano "huahana semi-finished" lākou, i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka synthesis o nā lāʻau lapaʻau, nā pesticides, nā uhi, nā dyes a me nā mea ʻala.

I ka lāʻau lapaʻau, hoʻohana ʻia nā mea waena e hana i nā API.

No laila he aha ka ʻoihana niche o nā mea waena lāʻau lapaʻau?

01

ʻO nā mea i kapa ʻia he mau mea lapaʻau lāʻau lapaʻau he mau mea maka kemika a i ʻole nā ​​​​huahana kemika i hoʻohana ʻia i ke kaʻina hana o ka synthesis lāʻau.
Hiki ke hana ʻia ke kemika, ʻaʻole pono ka laikini hana lāʻau lapaʻau, i loko o kahi hale hana kemika maʻamau, a i ka wā e hiki ai i kekahi mau pae, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau.

ʻO ke kiʻi

I kēia manawa, ʻo nā ʻano huahana lāʻau lapaʻau kaulana loa penei:

Nā mea waena nucleoside.
ʻO kēia ʻano hana waena o nā lāʻau anti-AIDS, ʻo ia ka zidovudine, mai ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ʻo Glaxo.
Ua hōʻea ʻo Wellcome lāua ʻo Bristol-Myers Squibb.

Nā mea waena o ka cardiovascular.
No ka laʻana, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia nā sartans synthetic i ka mālama ʻana i ke koko kiʻekiʻe ma muli o ko lākou hopena antihypertensive piha, nā hopena ʻaoʻao liʻiliʻi, ka hopena lōʻihi (ka mana paʻa o ke koko no 24 mau hola) a me ka hiki ke hoʻohana pū ʻia me nā sartans ʻē aʻe.
Wahi a nā helu helu, i ka makahiki 2015, ua hōʻea ke koi honua no nā mea hana nui o ka lāʻau sertant (losartan potassium, olmesartan, valsartan, irbesartan, telmisartan, candesartan) i 3,300 tons.
ʻO ka huina o nā kūʻai aku he $21.063 biliona.

Nā mea waena i hoʻohuihui ʻia me ka fluoride.
Ua ulu wikiwiki nā lāʻau fluorinated i hana ʻia mai ia mau mea waena i nā makahiki i hala iho nei ma muli o ko lākou pono maikaʻi loa. I ka makahiki 1970, he 2% wale nō o nā lāʻau fluorinated ma ka mākeke; i ka makahiki 2013, he 25% o nā lāʻau fluorinated ma ka mākeke.
ʻO nā huahana ʻelele e like me nā lāʻau anti-infective fluoroquinolone, antidepressant fluoxetine a me ka antifungal fluconazole no kahi hapa nui i ka hoʻohana lapaʻau, ma waena o ia mau lāʻau anti-infective fluoroquinolone e pili ana i kahi 15% o ka māhele mākeke honua o nā lāʻau anti-infective.
Eia kekahi, ʻo ka trifluoroethanol kahi waena koʻikoʻi no ka synthesis o nā anesthetics, ʻoiai ʻo ka trifluoromethylaniline kahi waena koʻikoʻi no ka synthesis o nā lāʻau antimalarial, nā lāʻau anti-inflammatory a me analgesic, nā lāʻau anti-prostate a me nā anti-depressants, a he ākea loa ka manaʻolana o ka mākeke.

Nā waena heterocyclic.
Me ka pyridine a me ka piperazine ma ke ʻano he mau ʻelele, hoʻohana nui ʻia ia i ka synthesis o nā lāʻau anti-ulcer, nā lāʻau gastric nui, nā lāʻau anti-inflammatory a me nā anti-infective, nā lāʻau antihypertensive maikaʻi loa a me nā lāʻau anti-breast cancer hou letrozole.

02

He loulou koʻikoʻi nā mea hana lāʻau lapaʻau i ke kaulahao o ka ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau.

ʻO ke kiʻi

ʻO uka nā mea maka kemika kumu, ʻo ka hapa nui o ia mau mea he huahana petrochemical, e like me ka acetylene, ethylene, propylene, butene a me butadiene, toluene a me xylene.

Ua māhele ʻia nā mea lapaʻau i nā mea waena mua a me nā mea waena holomua.
I waena o lākou, hiki i nā mea hoʻolako waena mua ke hāʻawi wale i ka hana waena maʻalahi a aia ma ke alo o ke kaulahao ʻoihana me ke kaomi hoʻokūkū nui loa a me ke kaomi kumukūʻai. No laila, ʻo ka loli o ke kumukūʻai o nā mea maka kemika kumu he hopena nui ia iā lākou.

Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole wale ka mana kūkākūkā ikaika o nā mea hoʻolako waena holomua ma luna o nā mea hoʻolako mua, akā ʻoi aku ka nui, no ka mea, ke hana nei lākou i ka hana ʻana o nā waena holomua me ka ʻike loea kiʻekiʻe a mālama i ka pilina kokoke me nā ʻoihana multinational, ʻaʻole lākou i hoʻopilikia nui ʻia e ka loli ʻana o ke kumukūʻai o nā mea maka.

No nā wahi waena ka ʻoihana kemika maikaʻi lāʻau lapaʻau.
Hoʻohui nā mea hana o nā mea hana lāʻau lapaʻau i nā mea waena a i ʻole nā ​​API maka, a kūʻai aku i nā huahana ma ke ʻano o nā huahana kemika i nā ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau, nāna e hoʻomaʻemaʻe iā lākou a laila kūʻai aku iā lākou ma ke ʻano he mau lāʻau lapaʻau.

ʻO nā mea waena lāʻau lapaʻau e komo pū me nā huahana maʻamau a me nā huahana i hana ʻia. Wahi a nā pae lawelawe outsourcing like ʻole, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona ʻoihana hana o nā mea waena i CRO (ʻaelike noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana) a me CMO (ʻaelike hana outsourcing).

I ka wā ma mua, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia ke ʻano hana outsourcing ʻoihana CMO i nā waena waena o nā lāʻau lapaʻau.
Ma lalo o ke kumu hoʻohālike CMO, hoʻolimalima nā ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau i ka hana ʻana i nā hoa.
No laila, hoʻomaka ka kaulahao ʻoihana me nā mea maka lāʻau lapaʻau kūikawā.
Pono nā ʻoihana ʻoihana e kūʻai i nā mea maka kemika maʻamau a hoʻokaʻawale a hana iā lākou i mau mea maka lāʻau lapaʻau kūikawā, a laila hana hou iā lākou i mau mea hoʻomaka API, nā waena cGMP, nā API a me nā hoʻomākaukau.

Akā, ʻoiai ʻo nā ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau no nā koi kaohi kumukūʻai a me ka pono, ʻaʻole hiki i nā lawelawe hana maʻalahi ke hoʻokō i ke koi o ka ʻoihana, kū mai ke ʻano CDMO (noiʻi hana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana) i ka manawa mōʻaukala, pono ʻo CDMO i nā ʻoihana hana hoʻopilikino e komo i ka mea kūʻai aku i ke kaʻina hana o ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana, e hāʻawi i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke kaʻina hana a i ʻole ka hoʻonui ʻana, e hoʻomaopopo i ka maikaʻi o ka hana nui, e hōʻemi i ke kumukūʻai hana.
Loaʻa iā ia nā palena waiwai kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ke kumu hoʻohālike CMO.

ʻO ka ʻaoʻao iho ka ʻoihana hana API, a aia ka API i loko o ka pilina kaulahao ʻoihana uka a me lalo me ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana.
No laila, ʻo ke koi hoʻohana ʻana o ka hoʻomākaukau lāʻau lapaʻau ma hope e hoʻopilikia pololei i ke koi o ka API, a laila e hoʻopilikia i ke koi o ka waena.

Mai ka manaʻo o ke kaulahao ʻoihana holoʻokoʻa, aia nō nā mea waena lāʻau lapaʻau i ke kahua ulu i kēia manawa, a ʻo ka awelika o ka loaʻa kālā he 15-20%, ʻoiai ʻo ka awelika o ka loaʻa kālā o ka API he 20-25%, a ʻo ka awelika o ka loaʻa kālā o nā hoʻomākaukau lāʻau lapaʻau ma hope he 40-50%. ʻIke loa, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka loaʻa kālā o ka ʻāpana ma hope ma mua o ka ʻāpana ma luna.
No laila, hiki i nā ʻoihana waena lāʻau lapaʻau ke hoʻonui hou aku i ke kaulahao huahana, hoʻonui i ka loaʻa kālā o ka huahana a hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kūpaʻa o ke kūʻai aku ma o ka hana ʻana i ka API i ka wā e hiki mai ana.

03

Ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻomohala kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻoihana waena o nā lāʻau lapaʻau ma Kina i ka makahiki 2000.

I kēlā manawa, ua uku nui nā ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau ma nā ʻāina i hoʻomohala ʻia i ka noiʻi huahana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka mākeke ma ke ʻano he hoʻokūkū koʻikoʻi, a ua hoʻolalelale i ka hoʻoili ʻana o nā mea waena a me ka synthesis lāʻau lapaʻau ikaika i nā ʻāina e ulu ana me nā kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa.
No laila, ua hoʻokō ka ʻoihana waena lāʻau lapaʻau ma Kina i kahi hoʻomohala maikaʻi loa ma o ka lawe ʻana i kēia manawa kūpono.
Ma hope o nā makahiki he ʻumi o ka hoʻomohala mau ʻana, me ke kākoʻo o nā hoʻoponopono a me nā kulekele holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻāina, ua lilo ʻo Kina i kahua hana waena koʻikoʻi ma ka mahele honua o ka hana ma ka ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau.

Mai 2012 a i 2018, ua piʻi ka hana o ka ʻoihana waena lāʻau lapaʻau Kina mai kahi 8.1 miliona tone me ka nui o ka mākeke ma kahi o 168.8 biliona yuan a i kahi 10.12 miliona tone me ka nui o ka mākeke o 2010.7 biliona yuan.

ʻO ke kiʻi

Ua hoʻokō ka ʻoihana waena lāʻau lapaʻau Kina i kahi hoʻokūkū mākeke ikaika, a ua hiki i kekahi mau ʻoihana hana waena ke hana i nā waena me ka hoʻonohonoho molekala paʻakikī a me nā koi loea kiʻekiʻe. Ua hoʻomaka ka nui o nā huahana koʻikoʻi e noho aliʻi ma ka mākeke honua.

Eia nō naʻe, ma ka laulā, aia nō ka ʻoihana waena ma Kina i ka wā hoʻomohala o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hoʻonohonoho huahana a me ka hoʻonui ʻana, a he haʻahaʻa loa ka pae ʻenehana.
ʻO nā mea waena lāʻau lapaʻau mua nā huahana nui i ka ʻoihana waena lāʻau lapaʻau, a he kakaikahi nā ʻoihana e hana ana i kahi nui o nā mea waena lāʻau lapaʻau holomua a kākoʻo i nā huahana waena o nā lāʻau lapaʻau hou i hoʻopaʻa ʻia.

I kēia manawa, ʻo nā ʻoihana i helu ʻia ma ka ʻāpana A i ʻoi aku ka hoʻokūkū ma ka ʻoihana waena ʻo Yaben Chemical, Lianhua Technology, Boten, a me Wanrun, kahi e hoʻolālā nei e hoʻokomo i 630 miliona yuan i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā mea waena lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā papahana API me ka huina o 3,155 tons/makahiki.
Ke hoʻomau nei lākou i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻano huahana like ʻole ma o ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana, i mea e loaʻa ai nā ala hou.

ʻO Yaben Chemical Co., Ltd. (300261): ʻO kā mākou huahana nui e pili ana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau antitumor, nā lāʻau lapaʻau antiepileptic a me nā lāʻau antiviral.
I waena o lākou, ua hoʻokomo kūhelu ʻia ʻo ABAH, kahi lāʻau lapaʻau antiepileptic waena, i ʻOkakopa 2014, me ka hiki ke hana i 1,000 tons.
Ua hoʻokomo pono ʻia ka ʻenehana fermentation enzyme i nā waena cardiovascular e hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻokūkū o nā huahana.
I ka makahiki 2017, ua kūʻai ka ʻoihana iā ACL, kahi ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau mea hana ma Malta, e hoʻolalelale ana i kona hoʻonohonoho ʻana ma ka mākeke lapaʻau honua a e hoʻokele ana i ka hoʻololi a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana o ka waihona kūloko.

BTG (300363): e kālele ana i nā mea lapaʻau hou / ʻoihana CMO i hana ʻia me API, ʻo nā huahana nui he mau mea lapaʻau no ka anti-hepatitis C, anti-AIDS, hypolipidemia a me analgesia, a ʻo ia ka mea hoʻolako nui o nā mea lapaʻau Sofebuvir no ka lāʻau anti-hepatitis C a Gilead.
I ka makahiki 2016, ua hōʻea ka huina kālā o nā lāʻau lapaʻau anti-diabetes + anti-hepatitis C i 660 miliona, ʻo ia hoʻi he 50% o ka huina kālā.
Eia nō naʻe, mai ka makahiki 2017, ma muli o ka ho'ōla mālie ʻana o nā maʻi hepatitis C a me ka emi ʻana o ka heluna o nā maʻi, ua hoʻomaka ka emi ʻana o ke kūʻai aku ʻana o nā lāʻau hepatitis C a Gilead. Eia kekahi, me ka pau ʻana o nā palapala hoʻopaʻa inoa, ua hoʻomaka hou ʻia nā lāʻau anti-hepatitis C, a ua hoʻomau ka hoʻokūkū i ka ikaika, e hopena ana i ka emi ʻana o nā kauoha waena a me ka loaʻa kālā.
I kēia manawa, ua hoʻololi ka ʻoihana mai ka ʻoihana CMO i ka ʻoihana CDMO e kūkulu i kahi kahua lawelawe honua koʻikoʻi no nā ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau.

ʻenehana Alliance (002250):
ʻO nā huahana lāʻau lapaʻau waena e pili nui ana i nā lāʻau antitumor, autoimmune, antifungal, cardiovascular, diabetes, antidepressants, antihypertensive, anti-flu, e like me ke kumu, aia nā mea āpau i loko o nā wahi therapeutic o ka mākeke kaulana loa o ka honua, me ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, a ʻo ka nui o ka ulu ʻana o ka loaʻa kālā ma kahi o 50%.
I waena o lākou, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka "hana makahiki o 300 tons o Chunidine, 300 tons o Fluzolic Acid a me 200 tons o Cyclopyrimidine Acid Project" i ka hana ʻana i kēlā me kēia makahiki mai ka makahiki 2014.