I kēia mau makahiki i hala iho nei, ua manaʻo nā ʻāina like ʻole a puni ka honua, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā ʻāina hoʻomohala ʻenehana, i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā huahana kemika maikaʻi e like me kekahi o nā kumu hoʻolālā koʻikoʻi no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā ʻoihana kemika kuʻuna, a ua hoʻomohala kā lākou ʻoihana kemika i ke kuhikuhi. o ka "diversification" a me ka "hoomaemae". Me ka hoʻomohala hou ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai, e piʻi hou ka makemake o nā kānaka no ka uila, nā kaʻa, nā ʻoihana mīkini, nā mea hana hou, ka ikehu hou a me nā mea palekana kaiapuni hou. Kemika uila a me ka ʻike, nā kemika ʻenekinia honua, nā kemika lāʻau lapaʻau, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
* Kemika maikaʻi
ʻO nā kinikini maikaʻi e pili ana i nā kemika me ke kiʻekiʻe ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe, ka waiwai hoʻohui kiʻekiʻe a me ka maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe e hiki ke hoʻonui a hāʻawi i kahi huahana (ʻano) me nā hana kikoʻī a i ʻole nā ​​​​hana kikoʻī i ka hana liʻiliʻi a me ka hoʻohana ʻana, a he mau kemika kumu hou aʻe. ʻO ka huahana o ka hana hohonu.
I ka makahiki 1986, ua hoʻokaʻawale ke Kuhina o ka ʻOihana Kimia mua i nā huahana kemika maikaʻi i 11 mau ʻāpana: (1) pesticides; (2) kala; (3) nā uhi (me nā pena a me nā inika); (4) puaʻa; (5) nā reagents a me nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe (6) Nā kemika ʻike (me nā mea photosensitive, nā mea magnetic a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e hiki ke loaʻa nā hawewe electromagnetic); (7) Nā meaʻai a me nā meaʻai meaʻai; (8) Hoʻopili; (9) Catalysts a me nā mea hoʻohui like ʻole; ( 10) Kemika (nā mea maka) a me nā kinikini o kēlā me kēia lā (i hana ʻia e ka ʻōnaehana kemika); (11) Nā mea hana polymer ma nā polymer polymer (me nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni hana, nā mea polarizing, etc.). Me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai o ka ʻāina, e hoʻonui ʻia ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kemika maikaʻi, a e hoʻonui mau ʻia nā ʻano hou.
Loaʻa nā ʻano kemika maikaʻi:
(1) He nui nā huahana like ʻole a me ka nui o nā noi
Aia he 40-50 mau ʻano kemika maikaʻi ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa, me ka ʻoi aku o 100,000 mau ʻano. Hoʻohana ʻia nā kemika maikaʻi i nā ʻano āpau o ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā, e like me ka lāʻau lapaʻau, nā mea ʻulaʻula, nā pesticides, nā uhi, nā lako kemika i kēlā me kēia lā, nā mea uila, nā kemika pepa, nā inika, nā meaʻai meaʻai, nā meaʻai meaʻai, ka mālama wai, etc., a me ka aerospace. , Biotechnology, 'Ikepili 'ike, mea hou, 'enehana ikehu hou, ho'omalu kaiapuni a me nā mea 'enehana ki'eki'e.
(2) ʻenehana hana paʻakikī
Nui nā ʻano kemika maikaʻi, a hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ka huahana waena like i kekahi a i ʻole kakini o nā derivatives no nā kumu like ʻole ma o nā kaʻina like ʻole. He paʻakikī a hoʻololi ke kaʻina hana, a paʻakikī ka ʻenehana. Pono nā ʻano huahana kemika maikaʻi a pau e hana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hale hana, hoʻāʻo liʻiliʻi, hoʻāʻo hoʻokele a laila i ka hana nui. Pono lākou e hoʻonui a hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia i ka manawa e like me nā loli i nā pono o nā mea kūʻai aku i lalo. He kiʻekiʻe nā koi kūpaʻa o ka huahana, a pono ka ʻoihana e hana E hoʻomaikaʻi mau i ke kaʻina hana a hōʻiliʻili i ka ʻike ma ke kaʻina hana. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻomohala derivative o nā huahana kemika maikaʻi i nā ʻāpana, ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka ʻike i nā kaʻina hana a me ka hiki ke hana hou i ka hoʻokūkū koʻikoʻi o kahi ʻoihana kemika maikaʻi.
(3) He waiwai hoʻohui kiʻekiʻe o nā huahana
ʻO ke kaʻina hana i komo i loko o nā huahana kemika maikaʻi he lōʻihi a koi ʻia nā hana lehulehu. He paʻakikī ke kaʻina hana. ʻO ke kaʻina hana e hoʻokō i nā kūlana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ka ʻenehana hana palekana, a me nā hopena kemika kikoʻī e hoʻokō ai i ka kemika ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale maʻalahi a me nā huahana kiʻekiʻe e koi i ka ʻenehana kaʻina hana kiʻekiʻe a me nā lako hana. No laila, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā huahana kemika maikaʻi.
(4) Nā ʻano huahana hui like ʻole
Ma nā noi kūpono, ʻike ʻia nā kemika maikaʻi e like me nā hana piha o nā huahana. Pono kēia i ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻano kemika like ʻole i ka synthesis kemika, a me ka hoʻokō piha ʻana i ka hui like ʻana o nā kemika maikaʻi me nā pūhui ʻē aʻe i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻano dosage. Aia nā koi like ʻole no nā huahana kemika maikaʻi i ka hana ʻenehana, a paʻakikī i ka huahana hoʻokahi e hoʻokō i nā pono o ka hana ʻana a hoʻohana paha. E lawe i ka ʻoihana hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai kahi i loaʻa ai ka hui ma ke ʻano he laʻana. ʻO nā kemika kūikawā i hoʻohana ʻia ma kēia kahua he fungicides a me nā algaecides, Scale agents, corrosion inhibitors, flocculants, etc., a me nā mea kemika no kēlā me kēia kumu hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia e kekahi mau mea kemika.
(5) He viscosity kiʻekiʻe ka huahana i nā mea kūʻai aku i lalo
Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā huahana kemika maikaʻi i nā wahi kikoʻī o ke kaʻina hana ʻenehana a i ʻole e hoʻokō i nā hana kikoʻī o nā huahana o lalo. No laila, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā mea hoʻohana no ka maikaʻi o ka huahana a me ke kūpaʻa, a ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ke kaʻina koho koho a me nā kūlana. Ke komo i ka papa inoa mea hoʻolako, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻololi maʻalahi.