I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua manaʻo nā ʻāina like ʻole a puni ka honua, ʻoiai nā ʻāina i hoʻomohala ʻia, i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā huahana kemika maikaʻi ma ke ʻano he hoʻolālā hoʻomohala koʻikoʻi no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke ʻano a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā ʻoihana kemika kuʻuna, a ua ulu kā lākou mau ʻoihana kemika ma ke ala o ka "diversification" a me ka "refinement". Me ka hoʻomohala hou ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai kaiaulu, e hoʻonui hou ʻia ka noi o ka poʻe no nā mea uila, nā kaʻa, ka ʻoihana mīkini, nā mea kūkulu hou, ka ikehu hou a me nā mea palekana kaiapuni hou. ʻO nā kemika uila a me nā ʻike, nā kemika ʻenekinia ʻili, nā kemika lāʻau lapaʻau, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Me ka hoʻomohala hou ʻana, e mālama ka mākeke kemika maikaʻi honua i ka wikiwiki o ka ulu ʻana ma mua o ka ʻoihana kemika kuʻuna.
*Nā kemika maikaʻi
ʻO nā kemika maikaʻi e pili ana i nā kemika me ka nui o ka ʻenehana loea, ka waiwai i hoʻohui ʻia a me ka maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe e hiki ai ke hoʻonui a hāʻawi paha i kahi huahana (ʻano) me nā hana kikoʻī a i ʻole he mau hana kikoʻī i ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi, a he mau kemika kumu hou aʻe. ʻO ka huahana o ka hana hohonu.
I ka makahiki 1986, ua hoʻokaʻawale ke Kuhina mua o ka ʻOihana Kemika i nā huahana kemika maikaʻi i 11 mau māhele: (1) nā pesticides; (2) nā dyes; (3) nā uhi (me nā pena a me nā ʻīnika); (4) nā pigments; (5) nā reagents a me nā mea maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe (6) nā kemika ʻike (me nā mea photosensitive, nā mea magnetic a me nā kemika ʻē aʻe e hiki ke loaʻa nā nalu electromagnetic); (7) nā mea hoʻohui meaʻai a me ka hānai; (8) nā mea hoʻopili; (9) nā mea hoʻoulu a me nā mea hoʻohui like ʻole; (10) nā kemika (nā mea maka) a me nā kemika o kēlā me kēia lā (i hana ʻia e ka ʻōnaehana kemika); (11) nā mea polymer hana i loko o nā polymer polymer (me nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni hana, nā mea polarizing, a pēlā aku). Me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai aupuni, e hoʻomau ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kemika maikaʻi, a e hoʻomau ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā māhele hou.
Loaʻa i nā kemika maikaʻi nā ʻano penei:
(1) He nui nā ʻano huahana like ʻole a me nā ʻano hana like ʻole
Aia he 40-50 mau ʻano kemika maikaʻi ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, me nā ʻano like ʻole he 100,000. Hoʻohana ʻia nā kemika maikaʻi ma nā ʻano āpau o ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā, e like me ka lāʻau lapaʻau, nā kala, nā pesticides, nā uhi, nā lako kemika o kēlā me kēia lā, nā mea uila, nā kemika pepa, nā ʻīnika, nā mea hoʻohui meaʻai, nā mea hoʻohui hānai, ka mālama wai, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, a me ka aerospace, biotechnology, ʻenehana ʻike, nā mea hou, ka ʻenehana ikehu hou, ka palekana o ke kaiapuni a me nā noi ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe ʻē aʻe i hoʻohana nui ʻia.
(2) ʻenehana hana paʻakikī
Nui nā ʻano kemika maikaʻi, a hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ka huahana waena like i kekahi mau a i ʻole he mau ʻumi o nā derivatives no nā kumu like ʻole ma o nā kaʻina hana like ʻole. He paʻakikī a loli ke kaʻina hana, a he paʻakikī ka ʻenehana. Pono nā ʻano huahana kemika maikaʻi a pau e hana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hale hana, ka hoʻāʻo liʻiliʻi, ka hoʻāʻo hoʻāʻo a laila i ka hana nui. Pono nō hoʻi e hoʻonui a hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia paha i ka manawa e like me nā loli o nā pono o nā mea kūʻai aku ma hope. Kiʻekiʻe nā koi kūpaʻa o ka huahana, a pono ka ʻoihana e hana mau i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke kaʻina hana a hōʻiliʻili i ka ʻike i ke kaʻina hana. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻomohala derivative o nā huahana kemika maikaʻi i nā mahele, ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka ʻike i nā kaʻina hana a me ka hiki ke hana hou i ka hoʻokūkū koʻikoʻi o kahi ʻoihana kemika maikaʻi.
(3) Waiwai kiʻekiʻe i hoʻohui ʻia o nā huahana
He lōʻihi ke kaʻina hana e pili ana i nā huahana kemika maikaʻi a koi aku i nā hana he nui. He paʻakikī ke kaʻina hana. Hoʻokō ke kaʻina hana i nā kūlana pane mālie, kahi hana palekana, a me nā pane kemika kikoʻī e hoʻokō ai i ka hoʻokaʻawale maʻalahi o nā kemika a me ka hua huahana kiʻekiʻe e pono ai ka ʻenehana hana kiʻekiʻe a me nā lako hana. No laila, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka waiwai i hoʻohui ʻia o nā huahana kemika maikaʻi.
(4) Nā ʻano huahana hui like ʻole
I nā hana kūpono, ʻike ʻia nā kemika maikaʻi ma ke ʻano he mau hana piha o nā huahana. Pono kēia i ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻano kemika like ʻole i ka synthesis kemika, a me ka hoʻokō piha ʻana i ka laulima synergistic o nā kemika maikaʻi me nā hui ʻē aʻe i ka hana ʻana o nā ʻano dosage. Nui nā koi no nā huahana kemika maikaʻi i ka hana ʻoihana, a he paʻakikī no kahi huahana hoʻokahi e hoʻokō i nā pono o ka hana ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana. E lawe i ka ʻoihana mālama wai kahi i loaʻa ai ka hui ma ke ʻano he laʻana. ʻO nā kemika kūikawā i hoʻohana ʻia ma kēia kahua e komo pū me nā fungicides a me nā algaecides, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻōpala, nā mea pale ʻino, nā flocculants, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, a hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia nā mea kemika no kēlā me kēia kumu e kekahi mau mea kemika.
(5) Loaʻa i ka huahana ka mānoanoa kiʻekiʻe i nā mea kūʻai aku ma hope
Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā huahana kemika maikaʻi ma nā wahi kikoʻī o ke kaʻina hana ʻoihana a i ʻole e hoʻokō i nā hana kikoʻī o nā huahana ma hope. No laila, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā koi o nā mea hoʻohana no ka maikaʻi a me ke kūpaʻa o ka huahana, a ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ke kaʻina koho a me nā kūlana o ka mea hoʻolako. Ke komo ʻoe i ka papa inoa o nā mea hoʻolako, ʻaʻole e maʻalahi ke pani ʻia.